Free Response Lecture 1-5

What are the layers of the epidermis in order from superficial to deep?

a. For each layer of the epidermis state what type of cell makes up that layer

b. Also state the shape of the cell.

c. For each layer of the epidermis state the overall function of the layer.

d. For each layer of epidermis, state if any other cell types are present and give their functions.

1. Stratum Corneum:

* Cell Type: Keratinocytes

* Function: Protection against friction

* Shape: squamous ( flat )

* Other cell types/function: none

2. Stratum Lucidum:

* Cell Type: Keratinocytes

* Function: Protection against friction

* Shape: squamous ( flat )

* Other cell types/function: none

3. Stratum Granulosum:

* Cell Type: Keratinocytes

* Function: Protection against friction & forms water tight barriers

* Shape: Squamous ( flat )

* Other cell types/function: none

4. Stratum Spinosum:

* Cell Type:Keratinocytes

* Function:protection against friction

* Shape:Sharp & spiny

* Other cell types/function: dendritic cells: capture foreign invaders(or capture microbes)

5. Stratum Basale:

* Cell Type: Keratinocytes

* Function: protection against friction

* Shape: cuboidal

* Other cell types/function: melanocyte-produces melanin

What are the three accessory structures of the epidermis? What is the composition of each? 

The function of each?

1. Nails;

*Composition: keratinized epithelial plate

*Function: protect finger and toe tips

2. Hair Follicles;

*Composition:keratinized epithelial tube

*Function: insulation

3. Exocrine Glands;

*Composition: sweat and sebaceous glands

*Function: secretes sweat, lubrications, protection from microbes

What are the different surfaces of the epithelial tissue? Define each layer. 

Recognize each layer on an image

3 layers

• Apical Surface: exposed surface(top layer)

• Basal Surface: attached layer(middle layer)

• Basal Lamina: non-cellular adhesive layer,

What are the types of glands in the human body?

a. Where does each glands release products?

b. Give an example of a product released by each glands

1. Endocrine glands;

   • product secretion directly into the intercellular fluid and/or blood stream. 

   • No ducts

   • Ex. hormones secretion

2. Exocrine glands

   • product secretion via ducts onto the surface of the skin or internal passageways

   • Ex. sweating

What forms the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage connective tissue?

a.function

b. location

Formation of matrix: collagen fibers & Chondrocytes in lacunae

Functions: Strength & flexibility

Location: On the ends of long bones → articular cartilage

What forms the extracellular matrix of elastic cartilage connective tissue

a. function

b. location

Formation of matrix: Elastin fibers, chondrocyte in lacunae

Functions: Stretch & flexibility

Location: Auricle of the ear

What forms the extracellular matrix of fibrocartilage connective tissue

a.function

b. location

Formation of matrix: collagen fibers and chondrocytes in lacunae

Functions: compression/shock absorption

Location: Between the vertebrae

What are the components of the plasma membrane? What is the function of each component?

4 components

• Phospholipid: controls the permeability of the cell

• Cholesterol: affects membrane fluidity(flexibility)

• Cell Surface Protein: are markers to identify cell type & bind hormones and proteins

• Transmembrane Protein: passageways for ion & polar molecules

What is the function of serous membranes? Where do you find them in the human body? What are the types of serous membranes? Where are they each located.

Function: produces/secretes serous fluid that helps reduce friction

Types:

• Parietal layer: lines the cavity

• Visceral layer: lines the organ

What are the internal body cavities? Know what major organs are in each cavity

Cranial Cavity: houses and protects the brain

Spinal Cavity: houses the spinal cavity

Thoracic Cavity: separated by 2 serous membranes;

Pleural Sac: houses the lungs

Pericardial Sac: houses the heart

Abdominal Cavity: houses digestive organs

Pelvic Cavity: houses urinary & reproductive organs, lower digestive organs

What are the types of planes that divide the human body? Define each

• Frontal Plane: Divided the body/structure into anterior and posterior sections

• Transverse Plane: Divides the body/structure into superior and inferior sections

• Saggital Plane: divided the body/structure into right and left halves