Biology-Glossary-B1 cell structure and transport

active transport

the movement of substances from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration

algae

simple aquatic organisms (protista) that make their own food using photosynthesis

alveoli

tiny air sacs in the lungs that increase the surface area for gas exchange

bacteria

single-celled prokaryotic organisms

cell membrane

the membrane around the contents of a cell that controls what moves in and out of the cell

cell wall

the rigid structure around the plant and algal cells. it is made up of cellulose

chlorophyll

the green pigment contained in the chloroplast

cellulose

the complex carbohydrate that makes up plant and algal cell walls and give them strength

chloroplast

the organelle in which photosynthesis takes place

cytoplasm

the water based gel in which the orgelles of all living cells are suspended and most of the chemical reactions of life takes place

diffusion

the spreading out of the particles of any substance in a solution, or particle in a gas, resulting in a net movement of particles from a area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration down a concentration gradient

eukaryotic cells

cells from eukaryotic that has a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic martial enclosed in the nucleus

hypertonic (osmosis)

a solution that is more concentrated than the cells contents

hypotonic

a solution is less concentrated than the cells contents

isotonic

a solution has a balanced concentration as the cells contents

mitochondria

the site of aerobic cellular respiration in a cell

nucleus

organelle that found in most living cells containing the genetic information surrounded by the nucleus membrane

osmosis

the diffusion of water though a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution(which has a high concentration of water)to a concentration solution (with a low concentration of water) down a conncentration gradient

partially permeable membrane

a membrane that allows only certain type of substances through

permanent vacuole

space in cytoplasm that is filled with sap

phloem

the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugar)around the plant

plasmolysis

the state of plant cells when so much water is lost from the cell by osmosis that vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall

resolving power

a measure of ability to distinguish between two separate points that are very close together

prokaryotic cells

prokaryote, any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes.

ribosomes

the site of protein synthesis in a cell

sperm

the make sex cells or gametes that carry the genetic material from the male parent

stomata

openings in the leaves of plants, particularly on the underside and opened and closed by cells, guard allowing gases to enter and leave the leaf

turgor

the pressure inside the plant cell exerted by the cells contents pressing on the cell wall

ventilated

movement of air or water into and out of the gas exchange organ, for example the lungs or gills

xylem

the non-living transports water form the roots to the leaves and shoots