chapter 8

Genetics

The study of heredity, including how genes are passed from one generation to another.

Genome

The complete set of genetic material (DNA) in an organism.

Chromosome

A structure made of DNA that carries genes; bacteria typically have a single circular chromosome.

Gene

A segment of DNA that codes for a functional product, usually a protein.

Genetic Code

The set of rules by which nucleotide sequences (codons) in mRNA are translated into amino acids to form proteins.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, including all its genes.

Phenotype

The observable traits or characteristics of an organism, influenced by both genotype and environment.

Genomics

The study of entire genomes, including gene sequencing, function, and regulation.

What is the structure of DNA?

DNA is a double-stranded helix made of nucleotides (A, T, C, G).

How does DNA serve as genetic information?

It encodes genetic information through the sequence of nucleotides.

What is semiconservative replication?

A type of DNA replication where each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand.

What are the steps of DNA replication?

Initiation, Priming, Elongation, Termination.

What happens during transcription?

RNA polymerase binds to DNA, synthesizes a complementary RNA strand, and terminates at the terminator sequence.

How is RNA processed in eukaryotes?

Introns are removed, and exons are spliced together; a 5’ cap and poly-A tail are added.

What is the initiation step in translation?

The ribosome binds to mRNA at the start codon (AUG – methionine).

Where does protein synthesis occur in prokaryotes?

In the cytoplasm.

Where does transcription and translation occur in eukaryotes?

Transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

What type of ribosomes do prokaryotes have?

70S ribosomes.

What type of ribosomes do eukaryotes have?

80S ribosomes.