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photosynthesis
converts solar energy into chemical energy
autotrophs
sustain themselves without eating other organisms
autotrophs
produce organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules
almost all plants are _____
photoautotrophs
heterotrophs
obtain their organic material from other organisms
heterotrophs are
the consumers of the biosphere
almost all _____ depend on _____ for food and O2
heterotrophs, photoautotrophs
where is chloroplast found?
mesophyll, the interior tissue of the leaf
how many chloroplasts does each mesophyll contain?
30-40 chloroplasts
stomata
microscopic pores where CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf
a _____ is structurally designed for photosynthesis
chloroplast
stroma
fluid filled space inside the inner membrane
thylakoid
connected sacs in the chloroplast
what is the third membrane system in chloroplasts?
thylakoids
grana
stacked columns if thylakoids
chlorophyll
green pigment inside the thylakoid membranes
why do plants have a mitochondria?
so they can go through cellular respiration when photosynthesis is not possible
chloroplasts split H2O into _____ and _____
hydrogen; oxygen
when chloroplasts splits H2O, electrons of hydrogen are incorporated into _____ _____
sugar molecules
when chloroplasts splits H2O, what is released as a by-product?
oxygen
in photosynthesis, H2O is _____ and CO2 is _____
reduced
photosynthesis is an _____ process; the energy boost is provided by light
endergonic
photosynthesis consists of the _____ _____ (the photo part) and _____ _____ (the synthesis part)
light reactions; Calvin cycle
light reactions occur in the _____
granum
Calvin cycle occurs in the _____
stromata
carbon dioxide comes from the _____ and is _____ into C6H12O6
Calvin cycle; reduced
H2O comes from the _____ and is _____ into O2
light reaction; oxidized
step 1 of light reaction
split H2O
step 2 of light reaction
released O2
step 3 of light reaction
reduce the electron acceptor NADP to NADPH
step 4 of light reaction
generate ATP and ADP to photophosphorylation
the Calvin cycle forms sugar from _____, using _____ and _____
CO2; ATP; NADPH
the Calvin cycle begins with carbon fixation, …..
incorporating CO2 into organic molecules
in a light reaction, chloroplasts thylakoids transform light energy into the chemical energy of _____ and _____
ATP; NADPH
electromagnetic radiation
light is a form of electromagnetic energy
wavelength
the distance between crests of waves
what does wavelength determine?
the type of electromagnetic energy
electromagnetic spectrum
the entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation
visible light
wavelength that produces visible colors
photons
smallest possible particles of electromagnetic energy
wavelengths are not absorbed are _____ or _____
reflected; transmitted
why do leaves appear green?
chlorophyll relects and transmits green light
spectrophotometer
measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths
absorption spectrum
a graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength
action spectrum
profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a procress
what is the main photosynthetic pigment?
chlorophyll a
what do chlorophyll b and carotenoids do?
they are accessory pigments that broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis
fluorescence
when an excited electron in a pigment falls back into the ground state and photons are given off
what does a photosystem consist of?
reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes
what are light-harvesting complexes?
pigment molecules bound to pigments
what do light-harvesting complexes do?
transfer energy of photons to the reaction center
where is the primary electron acceptor located?
the reaction center
what does a primary electron acceptor?
accepts excited electrons becoming reduced
photosystem II (PS II)
functions first and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm
what is the reaction-center chlorophyll a of a PS II called?
P680
photosystem I (PS I)
best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm
what is the reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS I called?
P700
during the light reactions, what are the two possible routes for electron flow?
linear and cyclic
linear electron flow
involves both photosystems
linear electron flow
produces ATP and NADPH using light energy
step 1 of linear electron flow
the first pigment molecule gets energy from a photon (light)
step 2 of linear electron flow
energy from photon is transferred from pigment molecule to pigment molecule
step 3 of linear electron flow
energy reaches special part of chlorophyll a molecules
step 4 of linear electron flow
special pair of chlorophyll a molecules transfer an electron to primary electron acceptor
cyclic electron flow
electrons cycle back from Fd to the PS I reaction center
cyclic electron flow uses….
only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH
is oxygen released in cyclic electron flow?
no
chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP using what process?
chemiosmosis
how does chemiosmosis occur in the mitochondria?
protons are pumped to the intermembrane space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix
how does chemiosmosis occur in chloroplasts?
protons are pumped into the thylakoid space and drive ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma
which side of the thylakoid membrane are ATP and NADPH produced?
on the side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place
how does the Calvin cycle reduce CO2 to sugar?
it uses ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar
in the Calvin cycle, carbon enters the cycle as _____ and leaves as sugar, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphase (___)
CO2; G3P
in the Calvin cycle, the cycle must take place ____ times, fixing ___ molecules of CO2 for the ent synthesis of 1 G3P
three
what are the three phased of the Calvin cycle?
carbon fixation
reduction
regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
which reaction return ADP, inorganic phosphae, and NADP to the light reactions?
Calvin cycle reactions
which reaction is carried out by molecules in the thylakoid membranes?
light reactions
Note 
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