Intro Immunology Pt 2

Macrophages, cytokines, chemokines, vasodilation, inflammation

• Phagocyte inflammation pathway

  • Bacteria trigger __ to release __ and __

  • __ and increased vascular permeability → Redness, heat, swelling (__)

  • Inflammatory cells migrate into tissue and release inflammatory mediators → Pain

Antigen, adaptive

• After the phagocyte inflammation pathway:

• (2) __-presenting cells activate adaptive immunity

• (3) __ (innate/adaptive) immunity clears and protects

  • Macrophage and dendritic cell activation

  • Neutrophil and monocyte migration

  • T cell migration

Primary immune system

Adaptive response the FIRST time immune system encounters a specific antigen/pathogen

10

The adaptive immune system requires about __ days for antibodies to start showing up in primary immune response

Secondary immune response

Adaptive response the SECOND (3rd, 4th) time immune system encounters the same specific antigen/pathogen

PCR, antigen, culture, IgM, 1 week

• Lab tests for presence of pathogen

  • __ - identify pathogen genetic material

  • __ tests - detect presence of pathogen proteins

  • Traditional __ tests

• Lab tests for pathogen-specific serum antibodies

  • __concentration (serum Ig—) - detect recent or ongoing infection reliably

  • Will not be positive until about __ (how many weeks) after infection

False positives, unnecessary

__ __ are test results indicating a sample is positive when they are really negative for disease

• test is very sensitive OR not very specific

• Patient is then diagnosed and receives __ treatment

False Negatives, without, treated

__ __ are test results indicating a sample is negative when they are really positive for disease

• test is not very sensitive OR narrowly specific

• Patient is diagnosed __ infection and is not __

Memory, plasma, T, B

Vaccines produce immunological __ before pathogen is encountered via generation of:

• Long-lived __ cells, memory _ cells, memory _ cells

B

Most currently used vaccines rely on _ cell response

for increased amount of memory cells and high antibody affinities

Infection, disease

The intent of vaccines are to prevent disease when __ occurs and does NOT prevent a __ itself

Herd immunity

When most of the population is immunized and spread of contagious disease is contained

Age, immunodeficiency, allergies

(3) groups not a good candidate for vaccinations:

__

__

__ to vaccination ingredients

Adjuvants, dendritic

__ stimulate __ cells to activate adaptive immunity; sometimes in vaccines as additional components

Live attenuated vaccines

Weakened version of whole pathogen so it does not cause disease

Limited, T, B, reversion

Live-attenuated vaccines

• Pathogen retains ability for __ replication to mimic natural infection

• Pros - Best ability to stimulate strong _ and _ cell immune response, long-lasting immunity

• Cons - Risk of __ to virulence, not an option for immunocompromised

Killed/inactivated pathogen vaccines

Pathogen can’t replicate or spread on its own due to inactivation and/or killing

Heat, chemicals, whole, risk, strong

Killed/inactivated pathogen vaccines

• Killed pathogen by __ or __

• __, non-infectious, pathogen is injected

• Pros - No __ of illness due to pathogen reversion

• Cons - Immunity is not as __ as with live vaccines, may need boosters

Pathogen subunits/antigen vaccines

Only individual proteins from pathogen are included, highly targeted response

Protein, adjuvants, boosters, re-

Subunits taken from pathogen vaccine

• Substance injected can’t replicate or spread on its own (only a __)

• Pros - Without the whole pathogen, __ are required to activate innate immunity

• Cons - Immunity may not be very long-lasting, may need __ or __-immunization

Pathogen mRNA vaccines

Only genetic material from individual proteins of the pathogen are included, highly targeted response

mRNA, adjuvants, boosters, re-

mRNA of proteins from pathogen vaccine

• Substance injected can’t replicate or spread on its own (only __)

• Pros - Without the whole pathogen, __ are required to activate innate immunity

• Cons - Immunity may not be very long-lasting, may need __ or __-immunization

• Ex: COVID-19 Moderna/Pfizer

Live viral vector vaccine

Harmless virus used as vector for transmitting single antigen from pathogen

Antigens, attenuated, reversion

Live viral vector vaccine

• Replicates in host and spread single __ from pathogen to variety of tissues

• Pros - Theoretically has many of the advantages of live __ vaccine without risk of __ to pathogen

• Ex: COVID-19 (J&J)