Anatomy Chapter 1 vocabulary

anatomy

studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

physiology

function of the body; how the body works and carries out life-sustaining activites

body and physiological reference

male - 155 lb female - 125 lb

sex

biological attributes

gender

psychosocial construct consisting of behaviors, expressions, and identities

gross anatomy

macroscopic anatomy, study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

regional anatomy

all the structures in a particular region of the body are examined at the same time

systemic anatomy

body structure is studied system by system

surface anatomy

study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface, bulging muscles

microscopic anatomy

structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

cytology

study of cells of the body

histology

study of the tissues

developmental anatomy

traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span

embryology

subdivision of developmental anatomy, developmental changes that occur before birth

specialized branches used for medical diagnosis and scientific research

pathological, radiographic

pathological anatomy

studies structural changes caused by disease

radiographic anatomy

studies internal structures as visualized by x-ray images or specialized scanning procedures

tools for mastering study of anatomy

observation, manipulation, palpation, and ausculation

palpation

feeling organs with your hands

auscultation

listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

renal physiology

concerns kidney function and urine production

neurophysiology

explains the workings of the nervous sytem

cardiovascular physiology

examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

physics in physiology

explain electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscles use bones to cause body movements

principle of complementarity of structure and function

function depends on structure

chemical level

atoms combine to form molecules

cells

smallest unit of living things

levels of structural organization

atom → molecule → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organismal

tissues

groups of similar cells that have a common function

4 types of tissue

epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous

organ

discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (4 is most common) that performs a specific function for the body; extremely complex functions can occur

organ system

organs that work together to accomplish a purpose

organism

living human being

integumentary system

hair skin and nails! forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. synthesizes vitamin d and houses cultaneous receptors, and sweat and oil glands.

skeletal system

bones and joints! protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. blood cells are formed within bones. bones store minerals

muscular system

muscles! allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. maintains posture and produces heat.

nervous sytem

brain, nerves, and spinal cord! fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

endocrine system

pancreas, ovaries, adrenal gland, testis, thymus, thyroid gland, pituatary gland, pineal gland! glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels! blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. heart pumps blood

lymphatic system/immunity

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow, thoracic duct! picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood. disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances in the body.

respiratory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus! keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. these exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

digestive system

oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus! breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

urinary system

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra! eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. regulates water, electrolyte, and acid- base balance of the blood

reproductive system

overall function is production of offspring. testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to female reproductive tract. ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus. mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish newborn.

male reproductive organs

penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens, prostate

female reproductive organs

mammary glands, uterus, vagina, ovary, uterine tube

boundaries

defined limits of a physical object that constrain distribution of elements to one side or the other

external membrane

single celled organisms, membrane that closes the cell’s contents and lets in needed substances while restricting entry of potentially damaging or unnecessary substances

plasma membran

body cells, separates the intracellular fluid inside cells from the extracellular fluid outside

blood plasma

extracellular, enclosed in blood vessels

interstitial fluid

surrounds and bathes all of our cells

movement

includes the activities promoted by the muscular system and when substances are propelled through internal organs

contractility

cellular level, muscle’s ability to move by shortening

responsiveness (excitability)

ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them, reflexes, mostly nervous system

digestion

breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

metabolism

includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells; breaking down substances into simpler building blocks (catabolism), synthesizing more complex substances from simper building blocks (anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP (cellular respiration); regulated by hormones secreted by endocrine system

excretion

process of removing wastes, excreta, from the body; digestive tract, urinary system

reproduction

occurs at the cellular and organismal level. cellular - produces two identical daughter cells organism - making a human

growth

increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole. accomplished by increasing number of cells, constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive ones

survival needs

nutrients, oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure

nutrients

contain chemical substances used for energy and cell building

oygen

chemical reactions that release energy require oxygen

water

50-60% of our body weight. most abundant chemical substance in the body. provides environment necessary for chemical reactions and the fluid base for body secretions and excretions.

normal body temperature

37 C (98.6), must be maintained. too low chemical reactions are slower. too high chemical reactions are faster.

atmospheric pressure

force that air exerts on the surface of the body. breathing and gas exchange depends on this.

homeostasis

body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously

law of mass balance

the amount of a substance that the body takes in must be the same amount of that substance the body loses

homeostatic communication

mainly through the endocrine and nervous systems

variable

the factor that is being regulated

receptor

sensor that monitors the environment and responds to the stimuli. then sent along the afferent pathway traveling towards the control center.

control center

determines the set point, the level at which a variable is to be maintained. compares input by comparing it to the set point and determines the response. information (output) is sent along the efferent pathway.

effector

carries out the control center’s response to the stimulus. results of the response then feedback to influence the effect of the stimulus, either by reducing it so that the whole control process is shut off, or by enhancing it so that the whole process continues at an even faster rate.

negative feedback system

most homeostatic control mechanisms. output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity.cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its ideal value.

neutral control mechanism

withdrawal reflex, hand jerks away from painful stimulus

hormonal negative feedback

control of blood sugar by insulin

positive feedback mechanisms

initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further response are even greater. the change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change, causing the variable to deviate further and further from its original range. blood clotting

cascades

positive feedback. amplify original stimulus

feedforward response (anticipatory)

maintains homeostasis by taking action in anticipation of a change to the internal environment. release of saliva when smelling good food

homeostatic imbalance

homeostasis disturbance. body systems become less efficient and increase risk for illness.

dorsal body cavity

protects fragile nervous system. two subdivisions → cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

cranial cavity

encases the brain

vertebral cavity

encloses the spinal cord

ventral body cavity

anterior and larger of the body cavities, houses viscera (organs), subdivisions → thoracic, abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

surrounded by rids and muscles of the chest. subdivisions → pleural cavity, mediastinum

pleural cavities

lungs

medial mediastinum

surrounds thoracic organs, esophagus and trachea. contains pericardial cavity → encloses heart

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal and pelvic cavity

serosa

thin double layered membrane that covers organs and walls of ventral body cavity

parietal serosa

lines cavity walls

visceral serosa

parietal folded and covers organs in the cavity

serous fluid

serous membranes are separated by this fluid. secreted by both membranes and into the serous cavity. organs can move without friction

parietal pericardium

lines the pericardial cavity and folds back as the visceral pericardium

visceral pericardium

covers the heart

parietal pleurae

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

visceral pleurae

covers the lungs

parietal peritoneum

associated with the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

visceral peritroneum

covers most of the organs within the cavity

synovial cavities

joint cavities; enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movably joints of the body