Patho exam 1 Neoplasia

good luck v2

Neoplasia

"New growth" and an overgrowth of tissue. Tumor (abnormal swelling)

Neoplasm

A neoplastic mass, also known as a tumor.

• They proliferate to form new tissue (irreversible).

• They don’t wait for signals from the body that the new tissue is needed.

• They ignore signals to stop dividing. They often do not mature normally to do the “job “the tissue is supposed to do.

• They do not die off (apoptosis) to keep the number of total cells constant.

Oncology

The study of tumors (from the Greek word "oncos" meaning tumor).

Benign

Tumors that are generally localized and do not invade surrounding tissues. They contain cells that look like normal tissue cells. Slow growing as well.

Glandular

Adenoma

Fatty

Lipoma

Muscle

Myoma

Vascular

Angioma

Brain

Meningioma

Papilloma

Warty type appearance

Malignant

Tumors with the potential to spread quickly and throughout the body, resulting in death.

Carcinomas

Malignant tumors derived from epithelial tissues, e.g., lining of the GI tract, respiratory tract, and glandular tissue.

Sarcomas

Malignant tumors that arise from connective and supporting tissues.

Leukemia

Neoplasms arising from blood-forming tissues, leading to abnormal proliferation of white blood cell precursors.

Lymphoma

Malignancy of lymphoid tissue

Melanoma

Malignancy of melanocytes

Pediatric Neoplasms

They end in blastoma e.g., retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma.

Anaplasia (malignant neoplasms)

Contains cells that do not look like normal adult cells and lose cellular differentiation in malignant tumors.

Metastasis

The ability of tumor cells to escape and spread to secondary sites in the body. Travels through blood or lymph.

Direct Extension

Invasion of malignant tumors into surrounding tissues.

Within body cavities (seeding)

By penetrating the wall of an organ, the malignant tumor is able to move into a body cavity and spread throughout the area.

Lymphatic Spread

Tumor cells invade lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, becoming secondary sites.

Hematogenous Spread

Tumor cells spread through the bloodstream, often lodging in the lungs or liver. Usually starts at thin wall capillaries/veins.

Carcinogenesis

The process of cancer development, including initiation, promotion, and progression.

Proto-oncogenes

Normal genes that can mutate into oncogenes, stimulating excessive cell growth. They usually regulate normal growth function in cells.

Carcinogens

Factors that may act together or in sequence to cause cancer.

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes that normally regulate cell growth and can lead to cancer when mutated.

Cancer Cachexia Syndrome

A condition characterized by weight loss, muscle wasting, weakness, anorexia, and anemia in cancer patients.

Diagnostic Tests

Methods such as tissue biopsy, blood smears, and tumor marker tests used to diagnose neoplasms.

Prognosis

The likely outcome of a disease, often better for smaller and more localized tumors.

Tumor marker tests

Tests that can detect certain chemicals in the blood that were made by tumor cells. (please note that these tests have their limitations).

Treatment Options

Include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy.