Physics

Density

Definition: Quantifies how much mass is packed into a given volume. It represents the compactness of matter.

Formula: Mass/Volume​

Solid

A state of matter with particles closely packed in a fixed, organized structure. These particles vibrate but don't move from their fixed positions.

Liquid

Particles are still closely packed, but they have enough energy to move past each other, allowing the substance to flow.

Gas

Particles have high kinetic energy, move freely, and are spaced far apart, taking both the shape and volume of their container.

Kinetic energy

Definition: KThe energy possessed by an object due to its motion. The faster an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has.

Example: A moving car has more _____ energy than a parked car because it's in motion.

Potential

Definition: The stored energy an object possesses based on its position or state.

Example: A raised weight has gravitational _____ energy, which is released when the weight falls.

Latent heat energy

Definition: Heat is the energy absorbed or released during a phase change at a constant temperature.

Formula: Q=mL, where Q is ______, m is mass, and L is ____heat.

Example: When ice melts into water, it absorbs heat; when water freezes back into ice, it releases heat.

Specific Heat Capacity

This represents how much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius.

Formula: Q=mcΔT, where Q is _____, m is mass, c is ______, and ΔT is the temperature change.

Example: Water has a high _______, meaning changing its temperature takes a lot of energy.

Latent heat of fusion

The energy needed for a substance to transition from a solid to a liquid.

Latent heat of vapourization

the energy needed for a substance to transition from a liquid to a gas

Power

Definition: Measures the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.

Formula: ______=Work/Time

Example: A 60-watt light bulb converts electrical energy into light and heat at a rate of 60 joules per second.

Energy

Definition: The capacity to do work or produce heat.

Example: A battery stores chemical ___, which can be converted into electrical ____to power a device.

Voltage (Potential Difference)

The electric potential energy per unit charge in an electric circuit.

Formula: V=IR, where V is ____, I is current, and R is resistance.

Example: Water flowing from a higher elevation to a lower elevation represents the concept of ____.

Current:

The flow of electric charge in a conductor.

Formula: I=R/V, where I is ____, V is voltage, and R is resistance.

Example: In a water hose analogy, current is equivalent to the flow of water through the hose.

Energy Formula (Mass x Heat Capacity x Change in Temp)

Formula: Q=mcΔT, where Q is _____, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the temperature change.

Example: Using this formula, you can calculate the ____ required to heat a certain mass of water by a specific temperature change.

Conduction: Heat transfer through direct contact of particles in a substance.

Heat transfer through direct contact of particles in a substance.

Example: Touching a metal spoon that has been in hot soup, feeling the heat conducted from the soup to the spoon.

Convection

Transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).

Example: Boiling water in a pot - heat at the bottom causes the water to circulate, transferring heat throughout.

Radiation:

Transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.

Example: Feeling the warmth of the sun on your skin even though there's no direct contact.

Pressure

Definition: The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area.

Formula: P=A/F​, where P is ____, F is force, and A is area.

Example: Pressing a thumbtack into a wall - the force applied over a small area increases the ______, allowing the tack to penetrate.