Unit 4 AP HUGE

State

A geographic area with a permanent population, defined borders, sovereign government, and is recognized by other states. (Government & Land)

Nation

A group of people with a shared culture, language, history, homeland, and self-determination. (Group of people with shared culture & history)

Nation-State

A state that has one main nation that resides within its borders (Japan)

Multinational State

A state that has a variety of nations that reside within its borders (Canada)

Multistate Nation

A nation that spread across multiple sovereign states (The Kurds)

Stateless Nation

A nation that has a history of self-determination but does not have a recognized state.

Autonomous Regions

A geographic area that is located within a state and has a high degree of autonomy from the state (Native American reservations in the United States)*

Semi-Autonomous Regions

A geographic area that is controlled by another state, but only has a moderate degree of self governance (Hong Kong)

Colonialism

Acquiring territories and settling there to exert political, economic, and social control over the area.

Imperialism

Growing a state or empire by exerting force over other nations to gain economic and political power without establishing settlements.

Devolution

The transfer of political power from a national government to regional governments (UK)

Neocolonialism

The use of political, cultural, or economic power to influence or control other countries.

Shatterbelt

Areas where countries or people are subjected to political, cultural, and economic pressure from external powers that are in conflict (East and West Germany, Korean border)

Demilitarized zone

38th Parallel; Divides Korean Peninsula roughly in ½. Between North and South Korea because of stalemate between communists and anticommunist capitalists. Part of the Cold War, it’s heavily fortified; no crossing.

Chokepoint

A strategic narrow route providing passage through or another region.

Defined

A boundary is agreed upon, fixed, and set.

Delimited

Drawing a boundary on a map and physically marking it.

Demarcated

The process of making a boundary (wall, sign, etc.)

Steps in establishing a boundary

Define, Delimit, Demarcate, and Administer

Geometric Boundary

A border that follows lines of latitude and longitude (US and Canada)

Antecedent Boundary

A boundary that existed before human settlement and creation of the cultural landscape (Chile)

Relic Boundary

A boundary that is no longer active but still impacts the cultural landscape (East and West Germany)

Superimposed Boundary

A boundary that was created by a foreign state or group (Berlin Conference)

Subsequent Boundary

A boundary that develops along with the development of the cultural landscape (Europe)

Consequent Boundary

A boundary that was established to settle conflict between opposing cultural, ethnic, or political groups (Pakistan and India)

Types of boundaries

antecedent, subsequent, consequent, superimposed, geometric, relic

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

describes the spatial and functional relationships between countries in the world economy

Core countries

wealthy countries with more education and tech. Economically and politically dominant, control market, exploit periphery countries (ex. US, EU, Japan)

Semi Periphery

both core + periphery processes occur, industrializing active in manufacturing and exporting goods, potential to be a core country (ex. China, India, Brazil)

Periphery

less wealthy, lower education, less fancy tech, less political stability, poorer services, less connected, export natural resources (ex. Many previously colonized countries: majority of Africa - like Somalia)

UNCLOS

An international treaty established to resolve allocational boundary disputes in the Sea.

Territorial Waters

12 nautical miles from a coastal baseline that a state has sovereignty over, including the right to regulate its resources and navigate.

Contiguous Zone

12-24 nautical miles, where a state can enforce laws related to customs, immigration, taxation, and pollution.

EEZ Zone

24-200 nautical miles, have the right to the natural resources of the area such as oil and fish.

Median line principle

If EEZ’s overlap, they split it down the middle.

International Waters

200+ miles, no state has direct control and if disputes arise, states can take it to the International Court of Justice

Redistricting

The process of redrawing districts after the census has occurred.

Gerrymandering

The process of redistricting a voting district to favor one political party over another

Cracking

Spreading like-minded voters out across multiple districts

Packing

Stacking like-minded voters into just a few districts to reduce the impact of their vote in other districts.

Unitary State

Power is located in the central government (China). Use a top-down approach.

Federal State

Power is shared between the central/national governments and regional governments (US). Often when populations are large and dispersed.

Irredentism

A movement by a nation to unite other parts of its nation that are located in another state (Russia)

Berlin Conference

When European powers met to divide up Africa for colonization with no thought to those living in Africa

NATO

An political military collaboration (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) formed in 1949 in response to USSR (Cold War).

Supranational Organization

An alliance of three or more states that work together with common goals.

Reapportionment

when one state loses people and another gains or a state’s population doesn’t grow as fast as others, House of Representatives seats are relocated to different states.

Redistricting

State’s internal political boundaries that determine voting districts for the House of Representatives and state legislature are redrawn to accurately reflect new census data.

number of Representatives in House of Representatives

435

Electoral College (what it is and how many are in it)

a set of people called electors who are chosen to elect the president. Total: 538

Sequent Occupance (added to study guide today!)

the idea that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, building up layers of cultural landscape over time, showcasing human-environment interaction and the evolution of a location's identity through architecture, land use, and place names