Ch. 21: Progressive Era - DUAL HIS 202

McKinley ____ his vice prez.

Drops, gets Roosevelt instead.

• Roosevelt was from NY, did his own thing, energetic

McKinley Assassination 1901

He attended the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, NY, where he was assassinated by Leon Czolgosz

• anarchist: does not believe in any form of gov’t at ALL

• Leon was an anarchist (he lost his job and decided to kill to prez.) He gets the death penalty

McKinley died 9 days later

• Roosevelt becomes PRESIDENT

Teddy Before President

Born in NY

• wealthy family, sickly as child

Becomes boxer, horse rider, & marksman

Went to Harvard, then politics

In Assembly, Assistant of Sec. of Navy, Gov. of NY

Formed a voluntary calvary unit- Rough Riders and the Spanish American War

Theodore as president

Mother and Wife dies same day, but wife died from childbirth (he gains a daughter)

• Rough Riders- the men he meets with and forms a group with from the time he was in the West coping.

• This is how he becomes a conservationist

”The Strenuous Life”

Roosevelt wrote this article

• said he should read and expand your mind

• USE ALL of your capacity to get smarter

Roosevelt Fitness Craze

Lets John Sullivan comes to the White House, Roosevelt wants to have a real fight

• Sullivan attacks, Roosevelt gradually becomes blind in left eye

Roosevelt wants to change the alphabet

wanted things to be phonetic (ex. Phone —> fon)

US Steel

• JP Morgan wanted monopoly — steel

• Buys Carnegie Steel ($480 mil.)

• US Steel — vertical integration - 60% steel industry

• Roosevelt does not intervene, only planned to regulate

Roosevelt Antitrust Suits

TR — some trusts OK — unless they were harmful to people, then action required, TR file 44 antitrust suits

Coal Strike of 1902

140,000 coal miners strike — they want:

1. 20% raise 2. 9 hr workday 3. Org a union

TR calls them to the White House

• Results - 10% raise, 9 hr workday, no strike for 3 yrs, no closed shop (required union)

Elkins Act 1903

Made it illegal for RR officials to give rebates to some RR or change rates.

• It was just reiterating things, not a big deal

Hepburn Act 1906

Limited free RR passes (bribery) and gave Interstate Commerce Commission more power. Passed in 1906

Election of 1904

Republican- T. Roosevelt- 57%

Democrat- Alton Parker - 37%

Socialist- Eugene Debbs - 1.6%

TR says he will not run for next term = Lame Duck

Race Relations (Roosevelt)

Roosevelt failed to support civil rights for Afr. Am. on a large scale

• he did invite Booker T. Washington to the White House

The Failure of Accommodationism

• Progressive Era - not associated with civil rights

  • Booker T.’s ideology of accepting segregation is criticized

  • In South — rich/educated did not matter

  • WEB - never asked to teach even of qualification

Great Migration

• Afr. Am. moved to northern cities

• Some blacks migrated to industrial areas for better opportunities — 200,000 left South between 1890 & 1910

• Black were still treated worse than newest immigrants in labor force

• Blacks used as strikebreakers

• Jim Crow laws — passed by South State Leg.

• Intensifying racial discrimination

Madam C.J. Walker

• created a line of hair products for Afr. Am. ladies

• Successful

The Jungle

1906

• Upton Sinclair - author

• About meat-packing industry in Chicago

• Horrible conditions revealed

• Public outraged

• Response - Agricultural Appropriation Act set up fed. program to inspect meat

• Also, Pure Food & Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act passed

Roosevelt and the Environment

• Created 53 wildlife environments

• Preserved Grand Canyon

• Newlands Reclamation Act - established irrigation systems in West

• Worked w/Gifford Pinchot (US Forest Ser) to train experts to manage gov’t land.

• 5 new National Parks

• 16 new Monuments

CONSERVATION WAS HIS PRESIDENCY

Republicans: A Divided Party

Panic of 1907 divided Roosevelt reformers and Old Guard conservatives

• Roosevelt committed to overhauling the banking system and the stock market

• Conservative Republicans felt Roosevelt was “radical” — want him out

• Roosevelt did not seek re-election

1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

US and GB

• Build canal in Central America

• The canal was needed to shorten travel time for US ships between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

1901 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

They would share the right to build a canal

• Just the US, Roosevelt says we could build it ourself

• The French attempt but failed at trying to build their own canal, US pays $40 mil to take their work and finish it off

Panama Canal

• Panama part of Columbia —-US makes offer to Columbia —-no deal.

• 1903 - Panama has revolution (US naval vessels hover there) now independent

Panama Canal Treaty

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty- 1903

**imposters

• 10 mile wide Canal Zone, US sovereign there

• $10 mil payment to Panama

• $250,000 annual rent

Over 40,000 workers built the canal

Yellow fever and malaria killed workers— water was just pushed away, this still water is home to mosquitos

Cost $350 million

6,000 workers died over all — some accidents

Opened August 1914

“Speak softly, but carry a big stick”

TR said key to being a force in world affairs was military preparedness

Roosevelt Corollary

US dominant in Caribbean

• A natural extension of Monroe Doctrine- Latin America countries repaying debts can not be taken over

Treaty of Kanagawa

• est. some trade between Japan and US

• signed on March 31, 1854, was the first treaty between the United States and Japan, effectively ending Japan's 250-year policy of national isolation (sakoku)

Russo-Japanese War 1904/5

Roos. negotiator — hold peace conference in the US

• Japan wins war, US recognizes. Their supremacy over Korea

• TR wins Nobel Peace Prize 1906

Roosevelt saw US = leader of West Hemisphere; Japan as leader of East hemisphere

Treaty of Portsmouth

signed on September 5, 1905, formally ending the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War.

Great White Fleet

US navy world Tour ; 1907-1909

Roosevelt proud to show them off, believes there is world peace

TR’s Legacy

Expanded Pres. Power- but possibly loyalty to himself and not the Progressives

Election of 1908

Rep. Sec of War WM Taft (chosen by TR)

Dem. Wm Jennings Bryan for 3rd time

Socialist - E Debbs

• results: Taft 321; Bryan 162

William Taft

Born 1857 - Ohio

• Gov. of Philippines

• Sec. Of war under Roosevelt

• Got stuck in the bathtub

Taft President

• More conservative than Roosevelt

• Excellent administrator (gov. Of Philippines)

• TR - gov’t by men, Taft - gov’t by law

Payne-Aldridge Tariff of 1909

Ended up being disappointing; mixed-bag

• Taft anted to lower the tariff

• He sides with conservatives over progressives

Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy

(Taft) Richard Ballinger - Sec. of Interior (national parks) now under Taft opens land for development

(TR) Gifford Pinchot - Head of National Park Service - he objects

Taft sides with Ballinger, Roosevelt sides with Pinchot, Progressives = unhappy

Roosevelt’s Return

New Nationalism campaign, 1910

• Strong Federal gov’t

  • Stabilize the economy

  • Protect the weak

  • Restore social harmony

• 1910 election results show plan is popular

This leads to Roosevelt challenging Taft for Republican nomination in 1912

• Denied nomination by Old Guard Republicans

Taft’s Foreign Policy

Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”

• Improve financial opportunities for American businesses

• Use private capital to further US interests overseas

• Therefore, the US should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests

THE BIG IDEA: US will invest & trade w/Latin Am and Asia

1911- US loans money to Nicaragua - later Marines sent and stay several decades

This policy ineffective in China (tried RR)

Republican/Democrat primaries

Republican vs. Republicans

Democrats vs. Democrats

John Dewey

educational reformer

Social Darwinism

Based on Darwin’s theory of biological evolution - best adapted to survive

• Social evolution - used to justify laissez-faire: no gov’t regulation in the economy

• The idea of survival and success of capable appeals to wealthy

• Also appeals to Protestant work ethic - riches are sign of God’s favor - poor must be lazy and inferior

Muckrakers

term coined by TR - criticism of newspaper and magazine reports who write about scandalous situations

• they are journalists

Ida Tarbell

A muckraker

• (1903) investigated Standard Oil Company - her father was ruined by Rockefeller

• Book: The History of the Standard Oil Company

Problem in cities

• housing shortages

• Transportation struggle to keep up

• Clean water

• Waste and garbage removal a challenge

• Fires = common

• Crime

The Emergence of the Political machine

• Group that controls city politics

Graft

illegal use of political influence for personal gain

‘Machine’ Organization

1. City Boss

2. Ward bosses

3. Workers and Captains

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Samuel Gompers

• Conservative in approach with skilled workers

• Many local prohibited Blacks from joining

• Gompers Prez. From 1896 to 1924 - increased members to 2 million

Newspaper readership increased __________ 1870-1909

8 fold

Thorstein Veblen

Wrote: The Theory of the Leisure Class - criticized “conspicuous consumption“

• 1900; criticize luxuriousness and frivolousness

Realism

• attempts at creating truer, realistic ways to represent and analyze American society

• Increasing interest in social, political and economic reforms

• Progressivism center on abuses exposed by Muckrakers

Settlement Houses

Established to assist poor (immigrants) with city life

• be mindful of how money works

• A movement inspired mainly by young, middle class, educated, Protestant women

• Sensitivity to social injustices

Hull House

1889: Jane Addams co-founded Hull House - settlement home in Chicago

• idea - college education students move there in an ethnic community and teach American ways of life

Florence Kelley

Illinois state Chief factory inspector

• she investigated — led to new laws

• Prohibited child labor

• Limited women working to 8 hours a day

Women’s Christian Temperance Union (1874)

President— Frances Willard

Causes — prohibition, poverty prison reform

• by 1916: 16 states - prohibition

  • Anti- Saloon League (1895)

Carry Nation

Entered saloons with a hatchet to destroy bottles of liquor.

Was arrested 30 times

• 1881 Kansas becomes first state to outlaw booze.

18th Amendment

passed 1919

• outlaws manufacture, sale, or transport of alcoholic beverages in US

Prohibition — 1919 - 1933 → 21st Amendment

Social Gospel Movement

Gladden (important)

• food/clothing

• Ministry— poor immigrants

Billy Sunday

evangelist - kinda like a preacher

1917 January

Alice Paul

• Leader of the National Women’s Party

• Goes to Picket, White House

  • The women will silently protest, every day

• B/c Wilson was ignorant when the women held a meeting with him; he did not hold any regard for women’s rights

1917 April

US goes to war

• April 7: Alice Paul does not go protest this day, but Lucy Burns go

• The women are arrested, Lucy Burns is charged with causing traffic (untrue)

  • Two choices: labor or pay $10

  • They choose labor: terrible conditions

• Alice Paul decides to step out as leader: arrested and go to labor at workhouse

  • She goes on a hunger strike

  • A psychiatrist is sent to her; others hope he says she is insane

  • “She is not crazy”

  • Forced Feeding - Alice Paul is force fed

    • The warden feels bad, gives her paper and pencil to write down her experience. She will take this paper and give to other girls in prison.

  • One woman’s husband = senator; he takes the experience/story and puts it on a newspaper

  • Leads to SCANDAL

19th Amendment

Last state to vote- Tennessee

• support suffrage - wear yellow rose

• Oppose suffrage - red rose

Harry Burn - decides the last vote. He wore red rose, but a telegram from mom changes his mind. WOMEN SUFFRAGE ACHIEVED

Wilson signs on Jan. 6, 1920

Robert LaFollette

Wisconsin Governor

• lowered RR rates, improved education, and increased regulation in factories for worker safety

if you are a socialist, you are extremely

radical

Tom Johnson

mayor in Cleveland, Ohio

• Public transportation- lowered price of streetcar fares

Hazen S Pingree

championing the regulation and taxation of telegraph, telephone, and railroad companies - Detroit Mayor

Kindergarten

• get students in school as soon as possible

Hurricane of 1900

Hits TX

• Sept 1900 - hits Galveston

• Massive damage, over 6000 dead

Direct Primary

voters choose candidates

• Presidential election (political parties = less power)

17th Amendment (1913)-

Mandated direct election of Senators

Initiative

legislation proposals come from people to be voted on

Referendum

voters can repeal an unpopular act of state/law

Recall

voters can remove a public servant from office

16th Amendment

Income Tax- 1913

• how we fund everything

• Gross Pay ——————— Net Pay

• Congress can collect taxes from income

The Australian (Secret) Ballot

Up until 1890, public voting existed

• vulnerable to corruption, bribery, forces of persuasion at the ballots

• One-party ballots

1890: Australian ballot provided for private voting, with choices among the parties

Each state voting - ID

Republican Party Platform

• high import tariffs

• Against “bad trusts”

• Stay on the gold standard

• Against initiative, referendum, and recall

Progressive Party Platform

• women’s suffrage

• Graduated income tax

• Inheritance tax for the rich

1908 - Federal Bureau of Investigation

FBI created

• part of Justice Dept.

• Can follow criminals from state to state

Socialist Party Platform

• gov’t ownership of railroads and utilities

• Guaranteed income tax

• No tariffs

• 8-hour work day

• Women’s suffrage

Woodrow Wilson

President of Princeton

• Academic/Elitist (even if he doesn’t know what he’s talking about, he wouldn’t bend)

• Guided by morality

• Believes in strong, centralized executive power

• Ideologist

Got the nomination on the 46th ballot

• democrat

Gets a stroke, last wish = Treaty of Versailles (failed)

Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization — 1906

made it more difficult to become a citizen

• have to answer US History questions

• 2 witnesses vouch for “moral” character

• Swear and prove not an anarchist or polygamist

Hiram Johnson, California Governor

• Direct Primaries, Initiative, Recall - the people have a voice in gov’t after elections