Chapter 7: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Psychologists use this term to refer collectively to processes, which include acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using information

Cognition

To represent or picture a sensory experience, stored memories of how parts of an object look are retrieved and assembled in working memory to form a complete image

Imagery

A mental category used to represent a class or groups of objects, people, organizations, events, situations, or relations that share common characteristics or attributes

Concept

One that is clearly defined by a set of rules, a formal definition, or a classification system, acquired in school

Formal concept

Acquired not from definitions but through everyday perceptions and experiences

Natural concept

An example that embodies its most common and typical features (Bird-Robin)

Prototype

Plans of action, based on previous experiences, to be used in similar circumstances

Schemes

A rule of thumb that is derived from experience

Heuristic

A rule stating that the perceived probability of an event corresponds to the ease with which the event comes to mind

Availability Heuristic

A decision strategy based on how closely a new situation resembles a familiar one

Representative Heuristic

Formal and Natural Concepts

Concept has two types of concepts which are?

The process of considering alternatives and choosing among them

Decision-making

A decision-making approach in which each alternative is rated on each of the important factors affecting the decision, and the alternative with the highest overall rating is chosen

Additive strategy

Suggested by Amos Tversky, with this approach, the factors on which the alternatives are to be evaluated are ordered from most important to least important; any alternative that does not satisfy the most important factors is automatically eliminated

Elimination by Aspects

Types of decision making are?

Additive Strategy and Elimination by Aspects

The thoughts and actions required to achieve a desired goal

Problem-solving

Involves comparing a problem to others you have encountered in the past

Analogy heuristic

Approach starts with the solution, a known condition, and works back through the problem; once the backward search has revealed the steps to be taken and their order, the problem can be solved

Working backward (backward search)

The current position is compared with a desired goal, and a series of steps are formulated and then taken to close the gap between the two

Means-end analysis

A problem-solving strategy that always leads to a correct solution if it is applied appropriately

Algorithm

Means of communicating thoughts and feelings using a system of socially shared but arbitrary symbols (sounds, signs, or written symbols) arranged according to rules of grammar, most important cognitive tool

Language

What are the types of problem-solving?

Analogy heuristic, Working backward, Means-end Analysis, Algorithm

The study of how language is acquired, produced, and used and how the sounds and symbols of language are translated into meaning

Psycholinguistics

The smallest units of sound in a spoken language, such as (b) or (s) in English

Phonemes

The smallest units of meaning in a language like article a or personal pronoun I

Morphemes

Aspect of grammar that specifies the rules for arranging and combining words from phrases and sentences like adjectives usually come before nouns in English, but in Spanish, it is the opposite

Syntax

Refers to the meaning derived from morphemes, words, and sentences like the same word can have different meanings (She read, I love to read)

Semantics

Term psycholinguistics use to refer to aspects of language such as intonation, the rising and falling patterns that are used to express meaning, like questions ending with a rising intonation, whereas statements end with a falling intonation

Pragmatics

An individual's ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, and to overcome obstacles through mental effort

Intelligence

Spearman's term for a general intellectual ability that underlies all mental operations to some degree

G Factor

Charles Spearman observed that people who are bright in one area are usually bright in other areas as well and came to believe?

That intelligence is composed of a general ability that underlies all intellectual functions

Specific intellectual abilities

S factors

Louis L. Thurstone rejected Spearman's notion of g factors and identified seven primary mental abilities what were they?

Verbal comprehension, numerical ability, spatial relations, perceptual speed, word fluency, memory, and reasoning

What was Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences that includes Eight Independent Forms of Intelligence or Frames of Mind?

 Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic, possible existential intelligence

The ability to use language both as an aid to thinking and in communication

Linguistic

Ability to think logically and to solve mathematical problems

Logical-mathematical

The ability to use images that represent spatial relations

Spatial

The ability to learn and execute physical movements

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Sensitivity to and understanding pitch, rhythm, and other aspects of music

Musical

The ability to communicate and engage in effective social relationships with others

Interpersonal

The ability to understand oneself, knowing what is important to you in life

Intrapersonal

The ability to identify patterns in nature and to determine how individual objects or beings fit into them

Naturalistic

Deals with spiritual realm and enables us to contemplate the meaning of life

Existential

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence was proposed by?

Robert Sternberg

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence proposes that there are three different types of intelligence what were they?

Componential, Experiential, and Contextual

First type of intelligence that refers to the mental abilities most closely related to success on conventional IQ and achievement tests

Componential

Second type of intelligence that is reflected in creative thinking and problem-solving

Experiential

Third type of intelligence that can be practical and might be equated with common sense or “street smarts”. Survivors and adapt well to their environment or change it so they can succeed

Contextual

What are the elements of intelligence testing?

Reliability, Validity, Standardization

The ability of a test to yield nearly the same score when the same people are tested and then retesed on the same test or an alternative form of the test

Reliability

The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

Validity

There must be standardized procedures for administering and scoring the test, and a test is standardized by administering it to a large sample of people who are representative of those who will be taking the test in the future

Standardization

What is the nature/nurture debate involving intelligence?

The debate over whether intelligence is primarily the result of heredity or environment, which Sir Franci Galton initiated

What is the importance/impact of learning a second language?

• among preschool and school-age children, bilingualism, fluency in at least two languages are associated with better executive control skills on language tasks which suppresses impulsive responses to verbal tasks and makes them think more carefully

• Executive control skills enable children who are learning two languages to transfer skills from one to the other; once a child understands the concept of plurals in one language, they apply that understanding to the other language that is being learned

• People who are younger when they learn a new language are far more likely to be able to speak it with an appropriate accent

Bilinguals who learned a second language early rely on what path of tissue?

Same path of tissue in Broca's area for both of the languages they speak

Those who learned a second language at an older age have how many sections active of Broca’s area?

Two different sections of Broca's area active why they are performing language tasks  (only ⅓ inch apart)