APUSH Unit 2/3 (1754-1800)

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

Passed in 1774 to punish the American colonies for the Boston Tea Party. They closed the port of Boston, limited self-government in Massachusetts, allowed British officials to be tried in England, and quartered soldiers in colonists' homes.

Sons of Liberty

• Popular and successful because of their violence/mass movements

• Most Sons became political/economic leaders in the new nation

• Included merchants, traders, artisans, etc

• Rise after Stamp Act

• Tar and feathering

Proclamation of 1763

• Angered colonists

• Mostly ignored as many still moved west

• Many colonists participated in 7 Years because they wanted to expand and drive natives/French off the Ohio Valley, this made them furious

Federalist Papers

Argued for Constitution. Written by Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay. 85 Essays persuading why a strong national government is necessary and not a threat to individual liberties

British Effect on French in America

• Resettled French in Newfoundland to Louisiana, later evolving into Cajun people

• Allowed French to resettle Ohio river valley after Quebec Treaty

Boycott

Homespun movement similar to Gandhi that included boycott on British textiles for domestic goods

Boston Port Bill

Passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party. It closed the port of Boston until the East India Company was compensated for the destroyed tea. This bill was one of the Intolerable Acts imposed on the American colonies, which ultimately contributed to the outbreak of the American Revolution.

Olive Branch Petition

Albany Congress

• Created to unite colonists against French/natives during 7 Years

• Benjamin Franklin

• Comparable to Articles of Confederation with loose association between colonies

• Actually allowed many to renew their trust in British colonies

• Increase in ideals of self-government and democracy

• Councils of representatives on trade, Indians of frontier, westward expansion

• FAILED but laid the foundation for later unity and made calls for same rights as British and self-government

Loyalists tended to…

Live in coastal, urban areas where they had financial reasons to stay tied to Britain and benefitted from Mercantilist policies.

After the war, Loyalists…

Often resettled in other colonies, such as Canada and the West Indies and could not adapt to American society. Since many were from the elite classes, this left property and goods to be redistributed

Edmund Andros

Colonial Governor who was overthrown in MA after James II was dethroned in Glorious Revolution, example of colonial independence before Revolution

Republican Motherhood

The job of women was to stay in the private sphere and educate their children on civic virtues. However, this elevated women in education

Shay’s Rebellion

Problems in MA with taxes and currency with farmers demonstrated that the Articles of Confederation were too weak to stand on their own. Sparked the Constitutional Convention in response

• Disrupted MA court system+intimidated

• Comparable to Bacon’s Rebellion: put fear in aristocracy and was conducted by farmers in hopes of unseating gov but failed

• Events like this made founding fathers distrust direct democracy and opt for electoral college

Whiskey Rebellion

Another test of the power of the government. Over debts, but unlike Shay’s Rebellion, represented strength of constitution

What event later triggered the Louisiana Purchase?

The Haitian Revolution which made Napoleon frustrated about colonies

Constitutional Convention

Met to discuss the weakness of Articles of Confederation and draft new Constitution. Split into factions based on state size

Virginia Plan

Proposed by Madison. Argued for a two chamber legislature with both houses having populational-proportional representatives.

New Jersey

Single Legislative house with equal representation for each state (like Articles of Confederation)

The Great Compromise

Brokered by Roger Sherman: Two houses, one with equal representation, one with population proprotional representation.

House of Rep and Senate

Two year terms. House designed to be responsive to the people, Senate doesn’t really pass anything

Northwest Ordinance

• The first time a line was drawn barring slavery from a US Region

• Guaranteed new states would have the same rights as the original states

• Intended for use by middle-class farmers

• Set aside a section of land in each township to move towards compulsory education

• Big because of education, new state admission, and slavery prohibition

• Important later for trade through the Erie Canal

• Failed to compensate and treat Natives right

• Slavery was prohibited because South wouldn’t have to compete with tobacco production from the land if there was no slaves

Fugitive Slave Clause

Even if a slave comes to a free state, they are not freed

Articles of Confederation

• Stressed importance of state power and a weaker federal government

• Congress could only declare war

• Bound the fate of the individual states to that of the union

• Did NOT include a three-branch government system

• Failed to provide Congress with a way to levy taxes

• Inability to curb internal unrest

• Reinforced the idea that states had the power to challenge laws/order of federal government

Constitution

• 3/5 Clause

• Fugitive Slave Clause

• Supremacy Clause

• Necessary and Proper Cause

• Many people thought the Constitution was too powerful for the federal gov

• Promotes federalism: balance between state and federal gov

• SEPARATION OF POWER (checks + balances)

Fight over 3/5 Clause

Argued that slaves were just counted this way for representation in House of Reps (since based on population size)

Necessary and Proper / Elastic Clause

Gives implied laws and powers to the federal government that are implied in constitution, seen as an abuse of central power

Bill of Rights

Created after concerns among Anti-Federalists of the excessive strength of the federal government and to protect the rights of the people from being abused

Hartford Convention

• Federalist Party loses power after the election of 1800

• Federalists proposed amendments to weaken the Democrat-Republicans + hurt TJ

• Ideas such as presidents can’t be from the same state consecutively, ¾ majority for war

• Angry about TJ cutting off trade with Britain which hurt New England and the War of 1812

• Meant to reduce the power of the south and western states (DR states)

Washington accidently set a precedent of what through his cabinet meetings?

Political factions, since he would come to his cabinet members for advice and there would be rivalries like Hamilton vs Jefferson

Even led to Jackson’s spoils system

Washington’s Farewell Address

Says that America needs to focus on its own domestic issues and not Europes, warns against partisan fighting

Pickney’s Treaty

• Hailed by TJ as a way to expand the nation for their everyday citizen

• Manifest destiny, foreign relations and expansion

• Later revisited when Napoleon came to powerA

Alien and Sedition Acts

Passed by Adams against foreign policy, meant to hurt the DRs and led to more party tension. The US strengthened its defense and navy

XYZ Affair

America had already failed to live up to its alliance with France by declaring neutrality in the Napoleonic Wars, and the treaty with Britain only further inflamed the French, who saw the Americans as turncoats who sided with their enemies. As such, France interfered in American shipping, fearful that the United States was passing arms to Britain to aid in their war with France. When the United States sent negotiators to peacefully settle the situation, French officials demanded a large loan to the French government and the payment of a £50,000 bribe to begin the negotiations.

Thomas Jefferson

• Strict constructionism

• Like Andrew Jackson

• Kills national bank

Democrat-Republicans

• Anti-Federalists

• Jefferson

• Limited government, strict adherence to constitution

• Expand democracy and voice of “common man”

Seven Years War

• 1754-1763

• Over claims to Ohio River Valley between French and English

• Forced British reassessment of Salutary Neglect to pay off debts through taxes

• French with Iroquois Confederacy, allies because they hoped to play Europeans against each other

Navigation

• Can only trade with Britain

• Rarely enforced, a lot of smuggling

Sugar Act

Taxes on sugar, wine, molasses

Stamp Act

1765, tax on all paper goods, needed to pay for a stamp

Currency Act

Colonists couldn’t print money and we getting pressed by British for more money

Stamp Act Congress

Petition to British in a peaceful way to repeal Stamp Act, taxation without representation. Wasn’t revolutionary in ideals at all, just didn’t want act

Townshend

• paper, glass, tea, etc

• United colonists through protests/boycotts

• Handspun movement

• Smuggled tea

Boston Massacre

• Heavy prescence of soldiers, harassed by citizens

• Led to riot, Brits shot and enraged colonists

• Sons tried to make people angry, Adams defended them and most were acquitted

Townshend Act Repealed

• EXCEPT TEA

• British East India Company has monopoly on tea, lowers price so people want to buy it over smuggled tea

• Sons are mad and leads to Boston Tea Party to stop British tea from unloading and paying the taxes

1st Continental Congress

• 1774, all colonies except Georgia

• About taxation tyranny

• Not about independence

• King dismissed Congress

• Boycott

2nd Continental Congress

• Committee for Declaration

Olive Branch Petition

• Passed in Continental Congress

• Rejected by King

• Led to Common Sense + call for independence

How did the Revolution change society?

• Inspired other independence wars

• Movements towards equality

• Anti-slavery

• Republican motherhood