BIS 2A SINGER

Design Challenge

A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved together with its requirements and constraints

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

Nucleoid

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

Plasma Membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells.

Internal Membranes

membranes surrounding organelles

Inner Membrane

Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?

outer membrane

Outermost membrane in the mitochondria that protects and holds the form of the organelle.

Cell Wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

Pilli

Hollow tubes used to move cells or exchange DNA between bacteria by conjunction.

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Endomembrane System

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

Rough ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.

Smooth ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

Golgi Apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Primary Lysosomes

contain inactive enzymes

Secondary Lysosomes

Membrane-enclosed organelle formed by the fusion of a primary lysosome with a phagosome, in which macromolecules taken up by phagocytosis are hydrolyzed into their monomers.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Matrix

Innermost compartment of the mitochondrion

Cristae

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

Granum

stack of thylakoids

Peroxisomes

Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals

Glyoxysomes

found in fat tissue, converts fat into sugar

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Atom

Smallest unit of matter that retains element properties

The most common atoms in Biology

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Electronegativity

the tendency of an atom to attract electrons

Dipoles

positive and negative charged ends of a polar covalent molecule

Ionic bonds

Metals interacting with a nonmetal, opposite charges. Takes electrons and aren't usually stable.

Covalent bonds

Nonmetals interacting with nonmetals, shared electrons, and are usually stable.

Non polar bonds

When the sharing of electrons is basically equal. Nonpolar covalent

Polar bonds

When the sharing of electrons is not equal. Polar covalent

Hydrogen bonds

Type of covalent bond, between a partial positive charge of H and partial negative of other atoms. Usually with O, N, or F.

Van Der Walls bond

Interaction of electrons of nonpolar substances

Water

H20 Polar Covalent

Hydrophilic

Molecules are polar and will interact with water

Hydrophobic

Molecules are nonpolar and won't interact with water

Dissociation

Disrupting the bonds and breaking them apart.

pH < 7

Acid (High H+ proton concentration)

pH = 7

Neutral (water)

pH > 7

Base (Soap)

Are there more or less H+ ions at a higher pH?

less

pH = pKa

[protonated] = [deprotonated]

pH > pKa

Deprotonated predominates

pH < pKA

Protonated predominates

Methyl functional group

Unable to form hydrogen bonds(only one that never can) Nonpolar

Hydroxyl functional group

Can form hydrogen bonds, Polar

Carboxyl functional group

Can form hydrogen bonds, Polar

Amino functional group

Can sometimes form hydrogen bonds

Phosphate functional group

Can form hydrogen bonds

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds such as fats and oils. Are Hydrophobic and nonpolar

Steroids

Fats that have 4 carbon rings. Ex. Cholesterol

Phospholipids

Make up the duel layer of cell membranes, fatty acid chains and polar head group

Carbohydrates

The starches and sugars present in foods, have a CH2O forumula.

Nucleotides

Made of pentose sugar. nitrogenous base, and phosphate group. Monomers of nucleic acids

Purines

Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimidines

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Amino acids

Building blocks(Monomers) of proteins. Structure consists of central carbon bounded to amino group, R group, and a carboxyl group.

Primary structure of proteins

Linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide bond.

Secondary structure of proteins

Local folding of the polypeptide chain, held together by hydrogen bonds, usually forms a-helix and b-pleated sheets.

Tertiary structure of proteins

Unique 3D structure of a polypeptide, has to do with how the R groups interact, and forms disulfide linkages between areas in the chain.

Quaternary structure of proteins

How multiple polypeptide subunits of a protein interact.

Denaturation

Protein structure changes, but primary sequences don't. Can be reversed, but function of protein is lost.

Catalyst

Helps increase the speed at which the reaction takes place by lowering the activation energy to start the reaction. Doesn't change the reaction or free energy.

Enzymes

Protein catalysts

Substrates

The reactants that bind to the enzyme

Active sites

the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate

Competitive inhibition

Competes with the substrate for the active site

Noncompetitive inhibition (Allosteric inhibition)

Alters enzyme elsewhere.

Allosteric activation

Changes the binding site to fit the substance.

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy is constant, it can be moved but not created or destroyed

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Gibbs Free Energy (Enthalpy)

Amount of energy available and useful to do work ΔG

Endergonic

The free energy in a system increases (unfavorable) Absorbed ΔG>0

Exergonic

The free energy in a system decreases (Favorable) Released ΔG<0

OIL RIG

oxidation is loss, reduction is gain

Oxidation half reaction

Loses an electron, becomes positively charged (Reducing agent)

Reduction half reaction

Gains an electron, becomes negatively charged (Oxidizing agent)

Electron Tower

Tool that ranks different half reactions

A+B -> A+ + B-

Oxidation half: A ->A+

Reduction half B ->B-

The Reduction potential

the tendency of a substance to gain electrons

Redox Tower

Tool that ranks the ability to accept or donate in relation to other half reactions. The more positive it is, the more likely it is to accept electrons

ΔG = -nFΔE

ΔG = Gibbs Free energy

-n= Number of moles of electrons transferred

F= Constant 96.485 kJ/V

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work