Period 1: 1491–1607: The Meeting of Three People

Maize cultivation

This became important for the peoples of the Southwest, spreading from present-day Mexico across much of North America.

Four Corners

Ancestral Pueblo culture developed around 900 AD in the \____ region of the Southwest.

Anasazi

aka Early Pueblos, became increasingly dependent on maize cultivation, leading to the development of complex societies and architecturally sophisticated structures.

Great Basin

A 400,000-square-mile area between Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada Mountains.

Shoshone, Paiute, Ute

Three large groupings of native peoples of the Great basin

Plains Indians

They are the most commonly stereotyped native groups in American popular culture

Algonquian People

comprised of hundreds of American Indian tribes along the east coast and in the interior of the present-day United States.

Iroquois Great League of Peace

Was formed in present-day New York state, comprising the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, and later the Tuscaroras joined in 1720.

Iroquois Great League of Peace

Formed to end infighting among the groups and became one of the most powerful forces in the pre-contact Northeast.

Corns, beans, squash

The Three Sister Crops

Chinook People

People lived in the Pacific Northwest along the Columbia River. Practiced foraging, hunting, and fishing as their main sources of livelihood.

Crusades

eries of religious wars in the 12th and 13th centuries with the goal of securing Christian control of the Holy Land, which shook the stability of European feudal society and increased European interest in foreign trade goods.

Black Death

A pandemic outbreak of bubonic plague in the 14th century. Reduced the European population by 30 to 60 percent

Johannes Gutenberg

he developed the printing press i the 1440s.

Protestant Reformation

Led by theologians Martin Luther and John Calvin. They broke with the Roman Catholic Church over church practices and beliefs.

Catholic Counter-Reformation

Focused on renewing spirituality and gave rise to the Jesuits

Jesuits

a Catholic order devoted to spreading their gospel throughout the world.

Columbian Exchange

This exchange brought turkeys, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cacao, and tomatoes, which revolutionized agricultural and culinary traditions in Europe.

Syphilis

This was also brought back to Europe as a result of sexual encounters in the New World, during the Columbian Exchange.

caravels

Portugal's maneuverable and sturdy ships called \______ were popular for exploration

Joint-stock Company

Shareholders control part of the company in proportion to the number of shares they own. Risks were spread out among multiple investors

Limited liability

It is a key advantage of the joint-stock company, where shareholders can only be held liable for the face value of their shareholding.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portugal searched for new trade routes to Asia, with the help of \_______, and successfully rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached India and China by sea.

Bartolomeu Dias

He sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.

Vasco da Gama

He sailed and reached India by 1498.

Christopher Columbus

Spanish monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, funded \______'s voyage west across the Atlantic.

Niña, Pinta, and Santa María

Columbusʼs three ships, set sail in 1492 and, six weeks later, reached San Salvador.

Treaty of Tordesillas

The \_____ in 1494 settled competing claims between Spain and Portugal to the newly explored lands outside of Europe, with Portugal granted lands to the east of a longitudinal line and Spain granted the rest of the Americas.

Ponce de León

He sailed and reached Florida in 1513.

St. Augustine, Florida

Spaniards later established the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States, at \_____ (1585).

Mexica / Aztecs

Defeat of ______ was one of the brutal episodes of violence, led by Hernán Cortés.

Hernán Cortés

He led the conquest and defeated the Aztecs/Mexica.

Montezuma

Leader of the Aztecs when Cortes invaded the native.

Incas

The \______ of South America were defeated by a Spanish expedition led by Francisco Pizarro

Francisco Pizarro

The Incas of South America were defeated by a Spanish expedition led by \______.

Columbian Exchange

This brought useful products and crops to the New World, including sugar, wheat, and bananas, as well as domestic livestock and horses, which transformed many native cultures.

Encomienda

required sending a percentage of gold and silver to the monarchy. The system led to brutal exploitation

Repartimiento

These reforms were issued by the Crown in 1549 for better governance. Treatment of native peoples did not improve significantly

Maroons

They were Africans who escaped slavery in the New World and formed independent communities

Palmares

A significant Maroon community, was established in Brazil in the early 1600s and had more than 30,000 residents

Arawak Indians

Maroons in Jamaica joined communities of \_____ and over time, came to control large areas of the Jamaican interior.

casta

Intermarriage was common, leading to a variety of mixed race people called \____.

peninsulares and creoles

Casta system included \______ at the top.

mestizos

Casta system included \______ in the middle.

mulattos, American Indians, and Africans

Casta system included \______ at the bottom.

Juan de Oñate

The Spanish, led by \_____, responded by killing over 800 Acoma people, when they were attacked by the pueblo from New Mexico.

pure blood

The idea of "\___" superiority shaped Spanish understanding of race in the New World

Miscegenation

This led to the creation of an elaborate hierarchy of racial classes, where one's degree of "pure blood" determined their place

A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies

Priest Bartolomé de Las Casas criticized Spanish actions in his book "\_________". It chronicled atrocities against native peoples in the New World

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

a Spanish theologian, defended Spanish treatment of native peoples and argued they were "natural slaves" who could only perform manual labor