Nuclear Chem 23.3 and 23.4

Induced Transmutation

Striking nuclei with high-velocity particles to create new isotopes.

Transuranium Elements

Elements with atomic number ≥ 93, synthesized in labs.

Nuclear Fission

Splitting a nucleus into smaller atoms, releasing energy.

Chain Reaction

A series of reactions where products initiate further reactions.

Critical Mass

Minimum mass needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction.

Fissionable Isotopes

Isotopes capable of undergoing fission, e.g., Uranium-235.

Neutron Moderation

Process of slowing down neutrons in a nuclear reactor.

Neutron Absorption

Decreasing the number of neutrons in a reactor.

Nuclear Fusion

Combining atomic nuclei, releasing more energy than fission.

Fusion Reaction Example

4 hydrogen nuclei combine to form 1 helium nucleus.

Geiger Counter

Device that detects radioactivity with audible clicks.

Scintillation Counter

Detects radiation via bright flashes from phosphor surface.

Film Blade

Uses photographic film layers to measure radiation exposure.

Radio Tracers

Radioisotopes used to signal presence of specific substances.

Biological Effects of Radiation

Radiation's harm depends on type, dose, and distance.