Normal Measurements and Severity Scales

Normal range and severity scales of cardiac diseases as pertaining to echocardiography. Follows 2015 ASE Guidelines.

LVIDd (Male)

4.2 - 5.8 cm

LVIDd (Female)

3.8 - 5.2 cm

LVIDs (Male)

2.4 - 4.0 cm

LVIDs (Female)

2.2 - 3.5 cm

IVSd/LVPWd (Male)

0.6 - 1.0 cm

IVSd/LVPWd (female)

0.5 - 0.9 cm

LA dimension (Male)

3.0 - 4.0 cm

LA dimension (Female)

2.7 - 3.8 cm

LAVi (Male & Female)

16 - 34 mL/m²

mild LAE

35 - 41 mL/m²

moderate LAE

42 - 48 mL/m²

severe LAE

> 48 mL/m²

LV EDV (Male)

62 - 140 mL

LV EDV (Female)

46 - 106 mL

LV ESV (Male)

21 - 61 mL

LV ESV (Female)

14 - 42 mL

Normal LVEF

~ 50 - 70%

TAPSE

> 1.7 cm

Normal GLS

-16% to -20%

HOCM strain

-8% to -10%

WMSI

normal/hyperkinesis: 1
hypokinesis: 2
severe hypokinesis or akinesis: 3
dyskinesis: 4
aneurysmal: 5

small pericardial effusion

< 10 mm

moderate pericardial effusion

10-20 mm

large pericardial effusion

> 20 mm

MV inflow % decrease (tamponade)

> 30% with inspiration

Qp/Qs in left-to-right shunt

Qp/Qs > 1

Qp/Qs in right-to-left shunt (Eisenmenger Syndrome)

Qp/Qs < 1

TDI MV annular e’ velocity

e’ septal: < 7 cm/s
e’ lateral: < 10 cm/s

E/e’ average

> 14

E/e’ lateral

> 13

E/e’ septal

> 15

Peak TRV (diastolic dysfunction)

> 2.8 m/s

mild PHTN

30 - 40 mmHg

moderate PHTN

30 - 70 mmHg

severe PHTN

> 70 mmHg

normal PAP (PHTN)

18 - 25 mmHg

IVC < 2.1cm & collapses > 50%

RAP = 3 mmHg

IVC > 2.1cm and collapses <50%

RAP = 15 mmHg

IVC > 2.1cm and collapses >50%

RAP = 8 mmHg

E/A indicating Grade I DD with reduced EF

< 0.8

E/A requiring further investigation in reduced LVEF

0.8 - 2

E/A indicating grade III or IV DD with reduced EF

> 2.0

EF associated with HCM

70% - 80%

EF associated with DCM

15% - 25%

mild AS

Peak velocity: 2.6 - 2.9 m/s
Mean PG: < 20 mmHg
AVA: > 1.5 cm²
Max PG: 27 - 34 mmHg

moderate AS

Peak velocity: 3 - 4 m/s
Mean PG: 20 - 40 mmHg
AVA: 1.0 - 1.5 cm²
Max PG: 36 - 64 mmHg

severe AS

Peak velocity: > 4.0 m/s
Mean PG: > 40 mmHg
AVA: < 1.0 cm²
Max PG: > 64 mmHg

mild PS

Peak velocity: < 3 m/s
Peak PG: < 36 mmHg

moderate PS

Peak velocity: 3 - 4 m/s
Peak PG: 36 - 64 mmHg

severe PS

Peak velocity: > 4 m/s
Peak PG: > 64 mmHg

mild MS

P¹/₂t: 90 - 150 ms
MVA: > 1.5 cm²
Mean PG: < 5 mmHg

moderate MS

P¹/₂t: 150 - 219 ms
MVA: 1 - 1.5 cm²
Mean PG: 5 - 10 mmHg

severe MS

P¹/₂t: > 220 ms
MVA: < 1 cm²
Mean PG: > 10 mmHg

severe TS

P¹/₂t: > 190 ms
TVA: < 1 cm²
Mean PG: > 5 mmHg

mild AI

P¹/₂t: > 500 ms

moderate AI

P¹/₂t: 200 - 500 ms

severe AI

P¹/₂t: < 200 ms

mild MR

EROA: < 0.2 cm²
VC: < 3 mm
MR Volume: < 30 ml/beat

moderate MR

EROA: 0.2 - 0.4 cm²
VC: 3 - 7 mm
MR Volume: 30 - 60 ml/beat

severe MR

EROA: > 0.4 cm²
VC: > 7 mm
MR Volume: > 60 ml/beat

normal LV dP/dt

> 1200 mmHg/sec

systolic displacement of MVL needed to diagnose MVP

> 2 mm

minimum size of vegetation able to be detected by TTE

3 mm

minimum size of vegetation able to be detected by TEE

1 mm

prosthetic MV parameters

peak velocity: 1.5 - 2 m/s
mean PG: 3 - 7 mmHg

prosthetic AoV parameters

peak velocity: 2 - 3 m/s
mean PG: 14 - 20 mmHg

normal MVA

4 - 5 cm²

normal TVA

7 - 10 cm²

normal AVA

3 - 4 cm²

normal LVOT diameter

1.8 - 2.2 cm

normal duration for QRS complex

0.10 sec

normal stroke volume

70 - 110 ml

normal cardiac output

4 - 6 L/min

normal pressures in pulmonary artery

25/15

normal range for echo probes

2.5 - 4 MHz

mild JH/LVOT

< 25%

moderate JH/LVOT

25 - 65%

severe JH/LVOT

> 65%