Biology Exam 3 Study Big Mode

Photosynthesize those genomes baby

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot produce its own food and relies on consuming other organisms (plants, animals, or both) for energy.

Autotroph

An organism that produces its own food using light (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis)

glucose oxygen

Products of photosynthesis

6CO2​+6H2​O+light energy>C6​H12​O6​+6O2​

Equation of photosynthesis

Absorbs blue and red reflects green

Color of light reflected and absorbed by chlorophyll a

surface of plant leaves allows exchange of gases

Stomata-location, function

cytoplasm site of photosynthesis

Chloroplast-location,function

Granum(grana)

A stack of thylakoids within the chloroplast.

Thylakoids

Flattened, disk-shaped structures inside chloroplasts, arranged in stacks called granum. They contain chlorophyll and other pigments, and are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy

Thylakoid membrane

The membrane within the chloroplast that contains the protein complexes and pigments, like chlorophyll, responsible for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. It also hosts the ATP synthase enzyme that produces ATP.

Thylakoid space

The internal space within the thylakoids of chloroplasts, where protons (H⁺) are accumulated during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. This proton gradient is essential for ATP production through chemiosmosis.

chlorophyll

A green pigment in plant cells that absorbs light energy, primarily from the blue and red wavelengths, and uses it to power the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll helps convert solar energy into chemical energy.

sunlight in photosynthesis

drives light-dependant reactions

O2 protons H+ electrons

Results from splitting water in photosynthesis

stroma

Location of calvin cycle

CO2 RuBP, ATP, NADPH

compounds used in calvin cycle

G3P RuBP(regenerated) glucose

products of calvin cycle

thylakoid membranes

location of light-dependant reactions

H2O NADP+ ADP

Compounds used in light dependant reaction

O2 ATP NADPH

products of light-dependant reactions

carbon fixation

In the Calvin cycle, it is the process where carbon dioxide (CO₂) is attached to RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) by the enzyme Rubisco, forming an unstable 6-carbon compound that quickly splits into two 3-PGA molecules. This is the first step in turning inorganic carbon into an organic form.

reduction

In the Calvin cycle, it is the process where 3-PGA (3-phosphoglycerate) molecules are converted into G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) using energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH. This step reduces the carbon atoms, forming an energy-rich molecule.

regeneration

In the Calvin cycle, it's the process where some of the G3P molecules are used to regenerate RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate), allowing the cycle to continue and enabling carbon fixation to occur.

genome

The complete set of genetic material in an organism, including all of its genes and non-coding sequences. It provides the blueprint for the development, functioning, and reproduction of that organism.

Compostions of chromosomes

the complete set of DNA, including all of its genes, within an organism.

diploid cells

Cells that contain two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, typically found in somatic cells of organisms.

haploid cells

Cells that contain a single set of chromosomes, typically found in gametes like sperm and eggs.

homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content, one inherited from each parent. They pair during meiosis and undergo recombination.

genes

Segments of DNA that code for specific traits or proteins.

sister chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome, joined together at the centromere, that are formed during DNA replication.

binary fission

A method of asexual reproduction in which a single organism divides into two identical daughter cells, commonly seen in prokaryotes.

mitosis

A type of cell division that results in two genetically identical diploid daughter cells, used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

meiosis

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four genetically unique haploid cells (gametes) for sexual reproduction.

oncogene

a gene which codes for a positive cell cycle

46 chromosomes 23 pairs

number of chromosomes in humans