Intellectual Revolutions that Changed Our Society

Nation-building

comprehensive undertaking by a government and its constituents to develop the socio-economic and socio-political structures to develop the socio-economic and socio-political structures of their nation, which results to stability, security and posterity.

Science, Technology and Innovation

play a crucial role in nation-building.

Thomas Samuel Kuhn

american physicist and philosopher is one of the most influential science philosophers of the 20th century.

Thomas Samuel Kuhn

authored the structure of scientific revolution

argued that science progresses in a periodic revolution which he called as a paradigm shift instead of the usual linear view.

the structure of scientific revolution

examined the philosophical progression of scientific revolution

paradigm shift

Kuhn argued that science progresses in a periodic revolution which he called as a ________ _____ instead of the usual linear view.

Paradigm

main theoretical framework of any scientific discipline that explains a phenomenon in our natural world

Normal Science

the development by accumulation of scientific facts and theories which is exactly our linear view of scientifc progress throughout history.

Scientific Progression

a cyclical process by which it evolves from being the normal science to a new paradigm which defines a scientific revolution or the kuhn cycle

kuhn cycle

a cyclical process by which it evolves from being the normal science to a new paradigm which defines as ______

Pre-science Phase

no consensus model or theory of understanding yet for a specific discipline that solves the main problem for that discipline.

Normal Science

phase of doing the usual things in science, where the observation process, experimentation framework, and theory formation are all accomplished within the context of the accepted paradigm. Kuhn compared it to puzzle solving.

Model Drift Phase

deviation from the expected results may surface every now and then which are called anomalies

Model Crisis Phase

occurred through time when these larger anomalies accumulate until normal science becomes inadequate to resolve all these major anomalies.

Model Revolution Phase

the period which necessitates the construction of a new model or paradigm. It is called the scientific revolution

Scientific Revolution

characterized by the abandonment of the old paradigm as the scientific community looks for a new paradigm that can justify the accumulated anomalies.

Paradigm Shift Phase

characterized by a gradual shift from the traditional scientific view into a new one which radically alters the way of thinking and behavior.

Copernican Revolution

geocentric theory of the universe was postulated by the well-known Greco-Roman astronomer Claudius Ptolemy

Claudius Ptolemy

postulated the Geocentric Theory

Empyrean Heaven

Ptolemaic model further evolved with the integration of the religious belief of the catholic church that beyond the concentric circle was called the

Nicolaus Copernicus

published the book De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, he promotes the heliocentric theory.

Johannes Kepler

a German mathematician and astronomer that is another ardent advocate of the heliocentric model.

He bolstered the heliocentric theory using the laws of planetary motion.

Isaac Newton

published the book Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica which became the strongest evidence yet for the heliocentric model

Darwinian Revolution

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published their book “on the origin of species”

Charles Darwin

developed the theory of evolution which holds that all plants, animals and people have evolved over a long period of time from earlier and simpler life forms.

Natural Selection

Heritable characteristics that help organisms thrive in their surroundings are more likely to be passed on the following generation under ______ ____

Social Darwinism

The concept of evolution was also wrongly applied by some social scientists to human society in the theory known as ____ _____

Herbert Specer

advocated the social darwinism in 1860 in his Book the social organism.

Psychoanalysis

controversial methodology in psychology, that seeks to explain and treat mental and emotional disorders.

Freudian Theory

advocated by the Austrian Neurologist Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

argued that the behavior or personality of an adult depends on his childhood experiences and related psychosexual development

Superego

moral or ethical part of our mind

Id

diametrically opposed to the superego

ego

conscious part of our mind that makes decisions based on a balancing act between superego and id.

Freudian Theory

revolutionized the way our society perceives and deals with mental illness.

Nation-building

comprehensive undertaking by a government and its constituents to develop the socio-economic and socio-political structures to develop the socio-economic and socio-political structures of their nation, which results to stability, security and posterity.

Science, Technology and Innovation

play a crucial role in nation-building.

Thomas Samuel Kuhn

american physicist and philosopher is one of the most influential science philosophers of the 20th century.

Thomas Samuel Kuhn

authored the structure of scientific revolution

argued that science progresses in a periodic revolution which he called as a paradigm shift instead of the usual linear view.

the structure of scientific revolution

examined the philosophical progression of scientific revolution

paradigm shift

Kuhn argued that science progresses in a periodic revolution which he called as a ________ _____ instead of the usual linear view.

Paradigm

main theoretical framework of any scientific discipline that explains a phenomenon in our natural world

Normal Science

the development by accumulation of scientific facts and theories which is exactly our linear view of scientifc progress throughout history.

Scientific Progression

a cyclical process by which it evolves from being the normal science to a new paradigm which defines a scientific revolution or the kuhn cycle

kuhn cycle

a cyclical process by which it evolves from being the normal science to a new paradigm which defines as ______

Pre-science Phase

no consensus model or theory of understanding yet for a specific discipline that solves the main problem for that discipline.

Normal Science

phase of doing the usual things in science, where the observation process, experimentation framework, and theory formation are all accomplished within the context of the accepted paradigm. Kuhn compared it to puzzle solving.

Model Drift Phase

deviation from the expected results may surface every now and then which are called anomalies

Model Crisis Phase

occurred through time when these larger anomalies accumulate until normal science becomes inadequate to resolve all these major anomalies.

Model Revolution Phase

the period which necessitates the construction of a new model or paradigm. It is called the scientific revolution

Scientific Revolution

characterized by the abandonment of the old paradigm as the scientific community looks for a new paradigm that can justify the accumulated anomalies.

Paradigm Shift Phase

characterized by a gradual shift from the traditional scientific view into a new one which radically alters the way of thinking and behavior.