Public Speaking Exam 2

Primary Sources

refers to the product of someone’s original work, such as the results of a scientist’s study or an author’s novel, generally factual rather than analysis or interpretation

Secondary Sources

articles, books, and websites that involve analysis or interpretation of primary sources

Library Databases

available 24/7, and provide users with access to the full text of eBooks and articles from periodicals

Periodicals

works that are published on a regular, ongoing basis, such as magazines, academic journals, and newspapers

Peer Reviews

the process in which before an editor publishes an article, they send it to other scholars to have it evaluated up to standards

Internet Resources Steps

check for previous work, go upstream to the source, read laterally, circle back

Upstream

due to how most web content is not original, it is important to find where the information originated

Surveys

a type of primary research that involves objective questions such as true/false

Interviews

a face-to-face interaction to gather information from experts on topics or knowledgeable individuals

Citation

the acknowledgement of knowledge used from other individuals and differs in format

Organization

the grouping, labeling, and ordering of information in order to make your speech more coherent for your audience

Grouping

chunking information in a way that is vital to audience understanding, learning, and retention of information

Chronological Pattern

arranges information according to a progression of time, either forward or backward

Spatial Pattern

arranges information based on physical location, direction, or geography

Topical/Parts of the Whole

a flexible, all-purpose structure used to arrange main points logically based on subcategories

Causal Order

“causes,” “origins,” “roots of,” “foundations,” “basis,” “grounds,” or “source,”

Effect Order

“effects,” “results,” “outcomes,” “consequences,” or “products,”

Problem-Solution Pattern

a structure that introduces a specific issue (problem) and proposes a method to resolve it (solution)

Problem-Cause-Solution

a variant of the problem-solution pattern that explains the cause behind why something is happening before proposing the solution

Parallelism

the repetition of a structure of a sentence to help the audience retain information

Connectives

broad terms that encompass several types of statements or phrases and are generally designed to help “connect” parts of your speech to make it easier for audience members to follow.

Internal Summaries

emphasize what has come before and remind the audience of what has been covered.

Internal Previews

let your audience know what is coming up next in the speech and what to expect with regard to the content of your speech.

Transitions

serve as bridges between seemingly disconnected (but related) material, most commonly between your main points.

Signposts

emphasize the physical movement through the speech content and let the audience know exactly where they are

Bridging statements

emphasize moving the audience psychologically to the next step.

Preparation Outlines

comprehensive outlines that include all of the information in your speech.

Speaking Outlines

a set of abbreviated notes that help you follow your speech and provide cues to yourself to “slow down,” “pause,” or “change slide.

Probative

having the quality or function of proving or demonstrating something; affording proof or evidence

Examples

almost always short but concrete specific instances to illuminate a concept and are designed to give audiences a reference point.

Narratives

speeches to interest the audience and clarify, dramatize, and emphasize ideas, can be personal, literary, historical, and hypothetical

Definitions

to set limits on something; defining a word is setting limits on what it means, how the audience should think about the word, and/or how you will use it.

stipulated definition

you clearly tell the audience how you are going to use a word or phrase in your speech

Operational definitions

examples of an action or idea to define it.

Descriptions

to think in terms of the five senses

Statistics

include numerical facts, ratios and percentages, and the more in-depth process of analyzing, comparing, and interpreting numerical data to understand its relationship to other numerical data.

Testimony

the words of others

Expert Testimony

the words of someone with recognized credentials

Peer Testimony

any quotation from a friend, family member, or classmate about an incident or topic

Perception

deals primarily with how we organize and interpret the patterns of stimuli around us

Attention

defined as focus on one stimulus while ignoring or suppressing reactions to other stimuli.

Movement

one of the factors of attention that involves using movement in your delivery to capture your audience’s focus

Conflict

one of the factors of attention that involves showing ideas, groups, teams, etc. that are in conflict to draw attention

Novelty

one of the factors of attention that your ideas and the way you approach them should be fresh and new to the audience.

Humor

one of the factors of attention in which can capture the attention of your audience if it is well placed and is appropriate

Familiarity

one of the factors of attention in which supporting materials should be immediately accessible and draw from your audience’s experience so they can understand quickly in an oral communication setting

Contrast

one of the factors of attention that is particularly useful to a speaker in creating visual aids so that key words stand out

Repetition

one of the factors of attention that can help remind the audience where you are or retain key ideas

Suspense

one of the factors of attention that involves fulfilling a sort of “promise” to the audience in telling something

Proximity

one of the factors of attention in which the physical distance between the audience members and the speaker and the audience, the harder it will be for the audience to remain attentive

Need-Oriented Subjects

one of the factors of attention in which we pay attention to what meets our needs

Intensity

one of the factors of attention in which raising your voice somewhat at key times and slowing down are useful for attention

Concreteness

one of the factors of attention in which the more a speaker can attach the speech to real experience, either her own or preferably the audience’s, the more effective she will be.

Five Elements of Introduction

get the audience’s attention, establish your credibility, establish rapport(relationship or connection you make with your audience), preview your purpose, preview your main points

3 Elements of Conclusion

signal the end, restate main points, clincher(something memorable to end your speech)

Presentation Aids

the resources beyond the speech words and delivery that a speaker uses to enhance the message conveyed to the audience.

Charts

a commonly defined as a graphical representation of data (often numerical) or a sketch representing an ordered process.

Graphs

a pictorial representation of the relationships of quantitative data using dots, lines, bars, pie slices, and the like

Line Graph

designed to show trends over time.

Bar Graph

useful for showing the differences between quantities

Pie Graph

usually depicted as circles and are designed to show proportional relationships within sets of data; in other words, they show parts of or percentages of a whole

Diagrams

are drawings or sketches that outline and explain the parts of an object, process, or phenomenon that cannot be readily seen

Maps

extremely useful if the information is clear and limited. There are all kinds including population, weather, ocean current, political, and economic maps

Tone

the attitude being conveyed in the slides

Scale and Proportion

relationship between the graphics and text in terms of size

Informative Speech

defined as a speech based entirely and exclusively on facts.

Historical Informative Speech

discusses the history or development of something.

Biographical Informative Speech

is similar to a history, but in this case the subject is specifically a person, whether living or deceased.

Process Informative Speech

these speeches require you to provide steps that will help your audience understand how to accomplish a specific task or process.

Idea and Concepts informative speech

designed to explain an idea or concept

Categories of Divisions Informative Speech

speeches that cover a very diverse range of topics that cannot be devised into the other sections