SPDI: Sanitation (Science of Water | Fundamentals of Public Health Engineering)

HYDRAULICS

It is the science of water. It is a field of study concerned with utilizing the properties of water, in particular, on the way they flow and transmit pressure, and with the application of these properties in plumbing engineering.

HYDROSTATICS

the science of water at rest

HYDROKINETICS

the science of water in motion

HYDRODYNAMICS

a general term associated with the science of the force exerted by water in motion

WATER LEVEL

Water always takes the shape of its container to the limit of its volume and tends to find its own level.

MASS

It is the amount of matter in a body. It remains constant regardless of where the body is in the universe.

1 kg

mass of water at a temperature of 4°C and volume of 1 L

FORCE

that which changes the state of rest or the uniform motion of a body

mass × acceleration

force = __

PRESSURE

force per unit area; force/area.

HEAD

It is measured vertically from the free surface of the liquid to the point at which pressure is being calculated. It should be noted that it is the only factor that decides the intensity of pressure, not the volume of water in the pipe.

CAPILLARITY

It is the spontaneous movement of water up or down narrow tubes and pipes due to the unbalanced molecular attraction at the boundary between the water and the pipe.

HEALTH

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infimity

PUBLIC HEALTH

It is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts.

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

It is the science of dealing with the prevention and control of diseases by eliminating or controlling the environmental factors which form links in the disease transmission. It is the control of all factors in man’s physical environment that have significant effects on man physical development, health, and survival.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

principles of health reservation, embracing hygiene, on an individual level, and public health, on a communal level.

SANITARY SCIENCE

That body of hygienic knowledge, which, having been sufficiently and critically examined, has been found so far as tested to be invariably true. Its phenomena; its laws are natural laws; its principles are scientific principles.

SANITARY ENGINEERS

Those who specialize in sanitary science. They endeavor to eliminate or reduce health hazards associated with the supply of water and milk, the collection and disposal of sewage and refuse, and the prevalence of rodents and insects. Conditions of noise, air pollution, and improper food handling that threaten the well-being of the public are also their concern.

SANITARY ART

Those methods and processes by which the applications of principles of sanitary science are effected, and would include plumbing with other practical arts of construction involved in sanitary engineering.

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

• Refers to contagious disease, which is transmitted by contact.

• It is an illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic product arising through transmission of that agent either directly as from an infected person or animal or indirectly through the agency of an intermediate plant or animal host, or vector or the inanimate environment.

• It could also refer to all ailment which may be transmitted by any means from person to person or from animal to person.

COMMUNICABLE PERIOD

Time during which the infectious agent maybe transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person, or from an infected animal to man.

CONTACT

any person or animal known to have been in such association with an infected person or animal having the opportunity or acquiring infection.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

the science that deals with the interrelationship of the various factors and conditions which determine the frequencies and distribution of an infectious process, disease or a physiological state in a human community

ENDEMIC

It is the term applied to a specific disease when it normally prevails in a locality and does not fluctuate markedly from the normal expected incidence in the community.

EPIDEMIC

is the incidence of a communicable disease among a number of people to an extent that is recognized statistically as being well beyond the normal expectancy for the disease in a community in a defined period of time

PANDEMIC

affects large number of people at the same time and transcends community boundaries

SPORADIC

this applies to the occurances of few scattered cases of the disease without relationship to other cases every now and then

CARRIER

is an infected person without apparent disease but is a potential source of infection

INCUBATION PERIOD

It is the time elapsing between the entrance of an infectious agent into the body and the appearance of signs or symptoms of the disease.

VEHICLE OF INFECTION

are the means by which infectious agents are transported thereby causing disease. Water, food, air, insects, and inanimate objects may be considered as.

VECTORS

Are arthropods, animals with jointed legs or other invertebrates which transmit infection by inoculation into or through the skin or mucous membrane by biting or by deposit of infective materials on the skin or on food or other objects. Insects are sometimes called this.

AERIAL TRANSMISSION

The inhalation of germs in small residue resulting from the evaporation of droplets, contaminated dust particulate which may remain suspended or floating in the air of enclosed space for relatively long period of time.

POTABLE / SAFE DRINKING WATER

Water that is free of microorganisms or disease-producing bacteria (pathogens). In addition, the water should not possess undesirable taste, odor, color, levels of radioactivity, turbidity, or chemicals and it should pass the standards of the PNSDW (2007).

MICROBIAL DISEASES

Is a water-borne disease. It is caused by some specific organisms like: bacteria: Salmonella, Echerichia Coli, Vibro Cholerae, Yersinia Enterocolitica & Campylobaq

WATER-WASHED DISEASES

caused by scarcity and inaccessibility of water makes washing and personal cleanliness difficult and infrequent

WATER-BASED DISEASES

are found in water that provides the habitat intermediate host organisms in which some parasites past part of the life cycle (e.g. schistosomiasis)

WATER-RELATED DISEASES

are found in water that may provide habitat for water-related insect vector of diseases. Mosquitoes breed in water and the adult mosquitoes may transmit Malaria, Fliariasis, and virus infections such as Dengue, Japanese Enceptalities and others.