China before the Mongol Takeover

Song dynasty

A ruling dynasty in China from 960 to 1279, known for its cultural and political achievements, including advances in arts, literature, and bureaucratic structure.

Censorate

An agency during the Song dynasty that exercised surveillance over the government, checking on the character and competence of public officials.

Examination system

A method revived during the Song dynasty for selecting officials based on merit through rigorous exams, originally established by the Han dynasty.

Champa rice

A fast-ripening and drought-resistant rice strain adopted by China from Vietnam, contributing to agricultural productivity during the Song dynasty.

Urbanization

The process of increasing population density in cities; during the Song dynasty, China became the most urbanized country in the world.

Paper money

A form of currency that was pioneered in China during the Song dynasty, enabling a more sophisticated economy and facilitating trade.

Foot binding

A cultural practice that began during the Song dynasty involving the tight wrapping of young girls' feet to alter their shape, signifying beauty and social status.

Technological innovation

Advancements in technology, such as printing and metallurgy, that flourished during the Song dynasty, significantly impacting society and the economy.

Meritocracy

A social system in which individuals are chosen and promoted based on their abilities and talents, rather than their social class or family background, emphasized by the examination system.

Confucian philosophy

A system of thought originating from Confucius that emphasizes ethics, social harmony, and proper conduct, which influenced societal values and gender roles in Song China.