HAPS

Name the 2 types of homeostasis:,

,Positive & Negative,

"The ability to maintain a constant, physiological, internal environment:",

,Homeostasis,

The body's maintenance of body temperature is an example of ___________ feedback.,

,negative,

Bloodclotting is an example of ___________ feedback. The response is occurring in the same direction as the stimulus.,

,positive,

Name the 2 body cavities within the dorsal body cavity:,

,1) Cranial Cavity (brain) 2) Vertebral Cavity (spinal cord),

Name the 2 MAIN cavities within the ventral cavity:,

,1) Thoracic Cavity 2) Abdominopelvic Cavity,

"The ________ ___________ is the cavity located between the 2 pleural cavities, and contains both the _________ cavity and ___________ _________.",

,medial mediastinum / pericardial / superior mediastinum,

Cavity containing the heart:,

,pericardial cavity,

The __________ and the __________ are contained in the superior mediastinum.,

,trachea / esophagus,

The digestive organs are contained within the ___________ cavity.,

,abdominal cavity,

This cavity contains some reproductive organs and the bladder:,

,Pelvic cavity,

A linear array of amino acids joined by peptide linkage:,

,Primary Structure,

A coiling or bending of the primary structure. This involves Hydrogen bonding:,

,Secondary Structure,

"A coiling or bending of the secondary structure. Involves: Hydrogen, Ionic, & Covalent (disulfide)bonds, as well as hydrophobic interactions:",

,Tertiary Structure,

"Globular, 3-dimensional proteins:",

,Tertiary Structure,

More than one polypeptide chain in a grouping:,

,Quaternary Structure,

Polypeptide strands can form ________ sheets or _________. These strands are ___________ structure.,

,pleated / helices / secondary,

"Greatly increasing the temperature will __________ enzymes, stopping their intended reaction.",

,denature,

"Slightly increasing temperature causes enzymes to work more effectively, speeding up the reaction. True or false?",

,TRUE,

"At very low temperatures, enzymes will work very slowly or become ________, but will NOT become ___________.",

,inactive / denatured,

"Most enzymes have an optimal ____. If changed, the ability of the enzyme to work at peak activity is disrupted.",

,pH,

The net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low concentration of solutes to high concentration of solutes:,

,osmosis,

_________ _________ is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.,

,simple diffusion,

Non-polar materials are _______ ___________.,

,freely permeabe,

"Polar materials are not freely permeable, but may enter the cell through a ________ _________.",

,protein channel,

Glucose moves into a cell via the ________ process of ___________ diffusion. This method of transport uses a _________ ________ as a vehicle into the cell.,

,passive / facilitated / transport protein,

Osmosis is a form of passive transport. True or false?,

,TRUE,

"Large polar molecules may enter the cell through _________ diffusion, using ________ ________.",

,simple / protein channels,

"Movement of material from low to high concentration (AGAINST the concentration gradient), requiring a pump:",

,Primary active transport,

Movement of particles WITH the concentration gradient:,

,simple diffusion,

The energy source for primary active transport is:,

,ATP,

________ __________ transport requires electrical potential as an energy source.,

,Secondary active,

The active transport process that moves material out of a cell via a vesicle. This method of transport requires ATP.,

,Exocytosis,

"This active transport process has 3 different types, which all require ATP and involve bringing something INTO the cell:",

,Endocytosis,

"The type of endocytosis nick-named ""cell eating"":",

,phagocytosis,

"The type of endocytosis nick-named ""cell drinking"":",

,pinocytosis,

"_______-________ endocytosis requires ATP and involves bringin a specific ""ingredient"" or ""________"" into the cell.",

,receptor-mediated / ligand,

"Name this type of tissue: Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms glands.",

,Epithelial Tissue,

"Name this type of tissue: Fills internal spaces, supports other tissues, transports materials, stores energy",

,Connective Tissue,

This type of tissue has a basal lamina and is avascular:,

,Epithelial Tissue,

"This type of tissue has NO contact w/ the environment, stores energy, and provides structure:",

,Connective Tissue,

Vascular tissue that fills internal spaces and supports other tissues:,

,Connective Tissue,

"This type of tissue is responsible for providing sensation, producing specialized secretions, providing physical protection, and controlling permeability:",

,Epithelial Tissue,

Name the 2 main layers of the epidermis:,

,1)Stratum Corneum 2)Stratum Germinativum,

"The ""hornlike"" layer of the epithelium that is made of tough, dead cells and is rich in the protein keratin:",

,Stratum Corneum,

This layer of the epidermis is constantly flaking off and rubbing away:,

,Stratum Corneum,

This layer of the epidermis is what produces new skin cells to replace the worn away stratum corneum:,

,Stratum Germinativum,

"The cells at the bottom of the ________ ________ divide into to 2 new cells. The older cells are pushed toward the top, fill with _________, flatten out, then die to become part of the ________ _________.",

,Stratum Germinativum / keratin / Stratum Corneum,

THe brown pigment which helps to block UV rays from reaching and damaging lower layers of the skin:,

,melanin,

Layer of the epidermis that produces melanin:,

,Stratum Germinativum,

________ ________ _________ is the growth in length of long bones.,

,Longitudinal bone growth,

The cartilage present on the side of the epiphyseal plate that is closest to the epiphysis is relatively ________.,

,inactive,

The cartilage that is on the side of the epiphyseal plate closest to the bone SHAFT is where the _________ occurs.,

,growth,

Cells of the _________ ________ proximal to the resting cartilage (inactive zone) form 3 functionally different zones: 1) __________ 2) ____________ 3) ____________,

,epiphyseal plate / 1) growth 2) transformation 3) osteogenic,

"In this zone of the bone, __________ cells undergo mitosis, pushing the __________ away from the diaphysis:",

,cartilage / epiphysis / growth zone,

"In this zone of the bone, older cells enlarge, the cartilage cells die, the matrix becomes calcified, and the matrix begins to deteriorate:",

,Transformation zone,

This is the zone where new bone formation occurs:,

,Osteogenic Zone,

Bone growth at the epiphyseal plates stops after puberty. True or false?,

,"True. Appositional bone growth can happen throughout one's lifetime, but longitudinal bone growth (which takes place at the epiphyseal plates) stops when the epiphyseal plates turn to epiphyseal lines.",

To study for chapters 7 (anatomy of axial skeleton),

,"...click on ""Skeletal System A&PI"" stack, then click on ""targets"" exercise.",

Lowere leg bones: The ________ is located on the LATERAL side of leg. The _________ is located on the medial side of leg.,

,fibula / tibia,

The _________ is the bone of the forearm on the same side as the thumb.,

,radius,

Skull suture and teeth in their sockets are examples of this kind of joint:,

,Synarthroses (or immovable),

Synarthroses (immovable) joints are made of ________ tissue and have NO ________ _________.,

,fibrous / joint cavity,

"epiphyseal plates, ribs to sternum, intervertebral joints, and the pubic symphysis are all examples of ____________ joints.",

,Amphiarthroses (slightly movable),

Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) joints are made of _________ and have NO ________ _________.,

,cartilage / joint cavity,

All the joints of the limbs are _________ joints.,

,Diarthroses (freely movable),

"Diarthroses, or freely movable joints are ________ joints.",

,synovial,

The part of the synovial joint that is made of hyaline cartilage and absorbs compression:,

,articular cartilage,

"The part of the synovial joint that is the tough, fibrous outer layer of the joint capsule. It is CONTINUOUS with the periosteum of the bone:",

,Fibrous capsule,

The part of the synovial joint that is composed of loose connective tissue and secretes synovial fluid:,

,Synovial membrane,

This is the space filled with synovial fluid:,

,Joint (synovial) cavity,

The fluid inside the joint cavity is called ________ _______. It reduces friction between the __________.,

,synovial fluid / cartilage,

"Synovial fluid contains _________ cells, which rid the cavity of ________ and cellular _______.",

,phagocytic / microbes / debris,

A bag of lubrication that acts as a ball bearing wrapped around a tendon. It is a fibrous sac that contains _______ _______:,

,synovial fluid / tendon sheath,

"Similar to a tendon sheath, these bags of synovial fluid are found tucked under structures like ligaments and bones and reduce the friction between adjacent structures:",

,bursae,

________ bind muscle to bone.,

,Tendons,

_________ bind bone to bone.,

,Ligaments,

Which types of muscles are striated?,

,Skeletal muscle and Cardiac muscle,

Which type of muscle has the presence of intercalated discs?,

,Cardiac muscle,

This type of muscle has a considerable capacity for regeneration compared with the other types:,

,Smooth muscle,

This type (or types) of muscle is involuntary:,

,Cardiac and Smooth,

This type of muscle has a limited capacity for division:,

,Smooth,

Type (or types) of muscle that contain sarcomeres:,

,Skeletal and Cardiac,

The speed of contraction for this muscle type is SLOW:,

,Smooth,

The site where communication between the nervous system and the skeletal muscle fiber happens is the __________ __________.,

,neuromuscular junction,

"In order for a muscle contration to be generated, an ________ ________ must travel down the _________ of a motor neuron to the _________ _________.",

,action potential / axon / axon terminus,

"As the action potential travels down the ______ of the _______ neuron, ________ _______ ________ open, allowing Ca++ to rush in (from an area of high to low concentration).",

,axon / motor / calcium ion channels,

The calcium ion (Ca++) influx causes the ________ _________ containing ____________ to bind to the axonal membrane.,

,synaptic vesicles / Ach (acetylcholine),

"Ach is released, via ____________, into the _________ ________.",

,exocytosis / synaptic cleft,

"Ach diffuses across the cleft, and binds to _______ _________ on the ________ _________ _______ of the sarcolemma.",

,Ach receptors / motor end plate,

"When the ________ binds to the receptors on the motor end plate, this causes the ________ ________ __________ to open and _________ ________ move into the cell. This is called __________.",

,Ach / sodium ion (Na+) channels / sodium ions (Na+) / Depolarization,

"After the sodium ions (Na+) rush in, causing a depolarization wave, the _________ ________ _______ open up, and ________ _______ rush out of the cell, repolarizing the membrane of the cell.",

,potassium (K+) ion channels / potassium (K+) ions,

The ________ _________ _________ ________ re-establishes the initial ionic condition of the sarcolemma.,

,Sodium potassium ion pump,

The action potential generated by the depolarization wave down the membrane of the sarcolemma is propogated down the __ ________.,

,T tubules,

"The ________ Reticulum releases _______ ______, which bind to the troponin on the actin.",

,Sarcoplasmic / Calcium Ions (Ca++),

"When calcium ions (which were released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum) bind to the troponin, it changes the shape ot the troponin, removing the blocking action of the ____________, exposing the actin active sites.",

,tropomyosin,

"The _______ heads attach to the actin active sites, drawing the actin filaments toward the center of the ________.",

,myosin heads / sarcomere,

"As long as ______ is present in the sarcoplasm, the cross-bridging cycle of muscle contraction continues.",

,Ca++,

"After the action potential ends, the ________ ________ ""sucks up"" the Ca++, which causes the tropomyosin to go back into to blocking position, covering the _______ _______ ________.",

,Sarcoplasmic reticulum / actin active sites,

"When the myosin heads are bound to the actin active sites, this is called _______ ________ _______.",

,cross bridge formation,