Chapter 13: Personality

Personality Traits

________: are relatively stable cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of people that help establish their individual identities and distinguish them from others.

Defense mechanisms

________: unconscious mental operations that deny or distort reality.

Gender Schemas

________: organized mental structures that contain our understanding of the attributes and behaviors that are appropriate and expected for males and females.

Congruence

________: consistency between self- perceptions and experience.

Phenomenology

________: emphasis on the primacy of immediate experience is known as.

Neoanalytic

________: were psychoanalysts who disagreed with certain aspects of Freuds thinking and developed their theories.

Object Relations Theories

________: focus on the images or mental representations that people form of themselves and other people as a result of early experiences with caregivers.

Reciprocal Determinism

________: the person, the persons behavior, and the environment all influence one another in a pattern of two- way causal links.

Sublimation

________: taboo impulses may even be channeled into socially desirable and admirable behaviors, completely masking the sinister underlying impulses.

Archetypes

________: inherited tendencies to interpret experiences in certain ways.

Ego

________: has direct contact with reality and functions primarily at a conscious level.

Id

________: is the innermost core of the personality, the only structure present at birth, and the source of all psychic energy.

Rational Theoretical Approach

________: items are based on the theorists conception of the personality trait to be measured.

Personality

________: as the distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a persons responses to life situations.

Regression

________: a psychological retreat to an earlier psychosexual stage,

Superego

________: the moral arm of the personality.

Threat

________: In Rogerss theory, any experience we have that is inconsistent with our self- concept, including our perceptions of our own behavior.

immediate gratification

Pleasure Principle: it seeks ________ or release, regardless of rational considerations and environmental realities.

Efficacy

________: their beliefs concerning their ability to perform the behaviors needed to achieve desired outcomes.

Personal Unconscious

________: based on their life experiences.

Cognitive Affective Personality System

________ (CAPS): an organized system of fi ve person variables that interact continuously with one another and with the environment, generating the distinctive patterns of behavior that characterize the person.

Structures Interviews

________: contain a set of specific questions that are administered to every participant.

Thematic Apperception Test

________ (TAT): consists of a series of pictures derived from paintings, drawings, and magazine illustrations.

Self Regulation

________ Processes: refer to internal, self- administered rewards and punishments.

Conditions of Worth

________: that dictate the circumstances under which we approve or disapprove of ourselves.

Empirical Approach

________: in which items are chosen not because their content seems relevant to the trait on rational grounds but because each item has been answered differently by groups of people (for example, introverts and extraverts) known to differ in the personality characteristic of interest.

Psychosexual Stages

________: during which the ids pleasure- seeking tendencies are focused on specific pleasure- sensitive areas of the body- the erogenous zones.

Positive Regard

Need for ________: we are born with an innate need for acceptance, sympathy, and love from others.

Factor analysis

________: is used to identify clusters of behaviors that are highly correlated (positively or negatively) with one another, but not with behaviors in other clusters.

Remote Behavior Sampling

________: researchers and clinicians can collect self- reported samples of behavior from respondents as they live their daily lives.

Oedipus Complex

________: A conflictual situation involving love for the mother and hostility toward the father.

Behavioral Assessment

________: psychologists devise an explicit coding system that contains the behavioral categories of interest.

Personal Constructs

________: Cognitive Catagories into which they sort the people and events in their lives.

Reality Principle

________: testing reality to decide when and under what conditions the id can safely discharge its impulses and satisfy its needs.

Genetic factors

________ account for as much as half of the group variance in personality test scores, with individual experiences accounting for most of the remainder.

Projective Tests

________: present subjects with ambiguous stimuli and ask for some interpretation of them.

psychosexual development

Fixation: a state of arrested ________ in which instincts are focused on a particular psychic theme.

Personality

  as the distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a persons responses to life situations

Id

  is the innermost core of the personality, the only structure present at birth, and the source of all psychic energy

Pleasure Principle

it seeks immediate gratification or release, regardless of rational considerations and environmental realities

Ego

has direct contact with reality and functions primarily at a conscious level

Reality Principle

testing reality to decide when and under what conditions the id can safely discharge its impulses and satisfy its needs

Superego

the moral arm of the personality

Defense mechanisms

unconscious mental operations that deny or distort reality

Repression

the ego uses some of its energy to prevent anxiety-arousing memories, feelings, and impulses from entering consciousness

Sublimation

taboo impulses may even be channeled into socially desirable and admirable behaviors, completely masking the sinister underlying impulses

Fixation

a state of arrested psychosexual development in which instincts are focused on a particular psychic theme

Regression

a psychological retreat to an earlier psychosexual stage,

Oedipus Complex

A conflictual situation involving love for the mother and hostility toward the father

Electra Complex

female counterpart of the Oedipus complex

Neoanalytic

were psychoanalysts who disagreed with certain aspects of Freuds thinking and developed their theories

Personal Unconscious

based on their life experiences

Collective Unconscious

that consists of memories accumulated throughout the entire history of the human race

Archetypes

inherited tendencies to interpret experiences in certain ways

Object Relations Theories

focus on the images or mental representations that people form of themselves and other people as a result of early experiences with caregivers

Phenomenology

emphasis on the primacy of immediate experience is known as

Personal Constructs

Cognitive Catagories into which they sort the people and events in their lives

Role Construct Repertory Test (Rap Test)

to assess individuals personal construct systems

Self

an organized, consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about oneself

Self-Consistency

an absence of conflict among self-perceptions

Congruence

consistency between self-perceptions and experience

Threat

In Rogerss theory, any experience we have that is inconsistent with our self-concept, including our perceptions of our own behavior

Need for Positive Regard

we are born with an innate need for acceptance, sympathy, and love from others

Unconditional Positive Regard

communicates that the person is inherently worthy of love, regardless of accomplishments or behavior

Need for Positive self-regard

the desire to feel good about ourselves

Conditions of Worth

that dictate the circumstances under which we approve or disapprove of ourselves

Fully Functioning Persons

individuals who were close to achieving self-actualization

Self-Esteem

how positively or negatively we feel about ourselves

Self-Verification

refers to this need to confirm the self-concept

Self-Enhancement

a strong and pervasive tendency to gain and preserve a positive self-image

Personality Traits

are relatively stable cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of people that help establish their individual identities and distinguish them from others

Factor analysis

is used to identify clusters of behaviors that are highly correlated (positively or negatively) with one another, but not with behaviors in other clusters

Social Cognitive Theories

combine the behavioral and cognitive perspectives into an approach to personality that stresses the interaction of a thinking human with a social environment that provides learning experiences

Reciprocal Determinism

the person, the persons behavior, and the environment all influence one another in a pattern of two-way causal links

Internal-External Locus of Control

an expectancy concerning the degree of personal control we have in our lives

Efficacy

their beliefs concerning their ability to perform the behaviors needed to achieve desired outcomes

Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)

an organized system of fi ve person variables that interact continuously with one another and with the environment, generating the distinctive patterns of behavior that characterize the person

Behavior Outcome Expectancies

represent the "if-then" links between alternative behaviors and possible outcomes

Self-Regulation Processes

  refer to internal, self-administered rewards and punishments

Gender Schemas

  organized mental structures that contain our understanding of the attributes and behaviors that are appropriate and expected for males and females

Structures Interviews

contain a set of specific questions that are administered to every participant

Behavioral Assessment

psychologists devise an explicit coding system that contains the behavioral categories of interest

Remote Behavior Sampling

researchers and clinicians can collect self-reported samples of behavior from respondents as they live their daily lives

Rational-Theoretical Approach

 items are based on the theorists conception of the personality trait to be measured

NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)

which measures the Big Five personality traits of Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

Empirical Approach

in which items are chosen not because their content seems relevant to the trait on rational grounds but because each item has been answered differently by groups of people (for example, introverts and extraverts) known to differ in the personality characteristic of interest

Projective Tests

present subjects with ambiguous stimuli and ask for some interpretation of them

Rorschoch Test

consists of 10 inkblots

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

consists of a series of pictures derived from paintings, drawings, and magazine illustrations