KAPLAN other portions

Verb

word with action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand). verbs have tenses

Noun

word representing something (book/cat)

Adjective

describing word, giving something an attribute (tall)

Supplementary

when the measures of two angles adds up to 180 degrees

Complementary

when the measures of two angles adds up to 90 degrees

Kinetic Theory

Describes a gas as a large number of small particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant, random motion. Small particles; all have the same mass; move at constant, random motion; collide with themselves (Brownian motion); kinetic energy depends on temp

Atomic Mass

The atomic mass is the mass of a specific isotope. It is the total mass of protons, neutrons and electrons in a single atom.

Decay types

radioactive (decay of certain nuclei, emission of specific particles. type of fission. reactant is parent isotope, product is daughter isotope) alpha (2 protons and neutrons. large. double charged) beta (particles made from decay of nucleus. stronger than a) gamma (high energy photons. no charge. lower energy of parent nucleus, making it the same as daughter)

Mass Number

Protons (number of protons is the atomic number) + Neutrons. Neucleons are protons and neutrons

Isotopes

variants of a particular chemical element. All isotopes of a given element share the same number of protons BUT each differs in the number of neutrons

Positron

Also called Antielectron. Is the counterpart of electrons (+1e) and has the same mass number as an electron

Atomic Theory

the theory about the nature of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms

Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or ions. tells us how attached atom is to electrons it already has

TEMP

F=(9/5)C+32

Chemical Compound

Is a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions

Single-Displacement Reaction

Is a type of oxidation-reduction chemical reaction when an element or ion moves out of one compound and into another

Synthesis Reaction

purposeful execution of chmical reactions to get a product, or several products

Combustion Reaction

is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical species

Velocity

Is a vector, so it has direction.

Speed

is the magnitude of velocity (doesn't have direction)

Voltage

electrical potential difference (is the electrical difference between two points)

Capacitance

is the ability of a body to store an electrical charge

Force

F = ma, a force is any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change. larger mass requires more force to achieve the same acceleration rate.

First Law of Motion AKA law of inertia

An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Second Law of Motion

Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object).

Third Law of Motion

For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action.

Vector

a quantity that has magnitude and direction. EX displacement, velocity, acceleration, force

Scalar

Scalars are quantities that are fully described by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone.

Polysomes

Ribosomes function in clusters called polysomes

Stomata

The small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move. Close at night preventing h2o loss

percent decrease

(og value-new value)/og value. if converting fraction to percent multiply result by 100% ; part=percentxwhole OR percent=part/wholw

simplifying

ex 2-5/3, 2=6/3 so 6/3-5/3

fractions

if its split between ppl and doesnt specify a number instead of doing fractions do whole numbers (ex not ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ but 25/100 25/100 25/100 25/100

Expository writing

informs the reader

Descriptive writing

Detailed look at specific topic. Creates a mental image

Narrative writing

Tells a story, carries reader on a journey

Adding/subtracting fractions

get a common denominator, add/subtract all the numerators.

Multiplying fractions

Multiply dxd and nxn

Dividing fractions

cross multiply in relation to 1st number

Converting decimal to fraction

set decimal over 1, move point to the right of the digit at the rightest, count how many places point was moved, add that many zeros to the 1 (denominator) then reduce if possible

Proportion

Two ratios equal to each other. cross multiply and solve for variable.

rate

D=RxT

Units of measurement

1ft=12in ; 1yd=3ft=36in ; 1km=1000m ; 1m=10dm=100cm=1000mm ; 1lb=16oz ; 2c=1pint ; 1quart=2pints ; 4c=1quart ; 1gallon=4quarts

sales tax

number*sales tax, number+result

Subatomic particles

Proton (+) neutron (no charge, heaviest) electron (-) positive ion is cation, negative is anion. Fusion (small nuclei combine into larger nucleus) fission (large nucleus splits)

Electron affinity

energy released when electron added to gaseous atom. tells us how atom feels about gaining another electron