energy metabolism

cytosol

where glycolysis occurs

mitochondria

where aerobic metabolism happens

includes TCA cycle and electron transport chain

smooth endoplasmic rectum

makes lipids

large endoplasmic rectum

makes proteins

aerobic pathway

pyruvate -> acetyl CoA

1. carboxyl is removed from pyruvate releases carbon dioxide

2. NAD -> NADH

3. acetyl group transferred to coenzyme A -> acetyl CoA

anaerobic pathway

glucose -> (catabolic) pyruvate -> lactate

lactate travels to liver --> makes new glucose (anabolic)

glucose returns back to muscles

glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and 2 pyruvate

electron transport chain

aerobic process that captures energy in ATP using electrons from NADH and FADH2

anabolic reactions

building body compounds

- requires ATP

catabolic reactions

breaks down body compounds

- releases ATP

coupled reaction

energy from the breakdown of reaction is used to fuel the second reaction

carbohydrate metabolism

glycolysis -> breakdown of glucose

1 glucose = 2 pyruvate molecules

pyruvate -> lactate

OR

pyruvate -> acetyl CoA

acetyl CoA -> TCA cycle -> ETC

fatty acids metabolism

triglycerides = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

1. glycerol enters glycolysis pathway about midway between glucose & pyruvate

- glycerol can be converted to glucose or pyruvate

2. fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon fragments that combine with CoA to form acetyl CoA = betaoxidation

pyruvate

3 carbon compound

acetyl CoA

2 carbon compound

protein metabolism

deamination of amino acids

- leftover carbon skeleton used for energy

1. amino acids can be converted to pyruvate

- can be used to make glucose

GLUCOGENIC

2. some amino acids are converted directly to acetyl CoA

KETOGENIC

3. some amino acids enter the TCA cycle directly

GLUCOGENIC

glucogenic

amino acids that can be used to make glucose

ketogenic

amino acids that are converted to acetyl CoA

compounds converted to glucose

- glucogenic amino acids

- glycerol

- lactate

FATTY ACIDS CANNOT BE CONVERTED TO GLUCOSE BC DIRECTLY BROKEN DOWN INTO ACETYL COA

Cori Cycle

glucose -> (catabolic) pyruvate -> lactate -> liver -> (anabolic) glucose -> muscles

FEASTING

eat more than your body needs

- protein: used for energy -> stored as fats

- carbohydrates: refill glycogen stores -> stored as fat

-fats: easily stored as fat (not readily oxidized)

body favors storing excess calories as fat

transition from feasting to fasting

As the body shifts from a fed state to a fasting state, it begins drawing on stores of glucose, glycerol, and fatty acids.

fasting/starvation

body uses liver glycogen and fat for energy

as fasting continues and glycogen runs out, the body

- increases fatty acid oxidation

- starts using gluconeogenesis to make glucose

- converts fat to ketone bodies to fuel the brain and nervous system

eventually, body adapts by reducing energy use

ketone bodies

made from fat when glucose is low; used by brain

ketosis

condition from high ketone production

ketosis symptoms

Loss of appetite

Fruity breath

Acidic blood

side effects of low carb diet

nausea

fatigue

constipation

low blood pressure

elevated ruic acid

bad breath

pregnant women = fetal harm and stillbreath