NUTRITION VITAMINS (Vitamin C, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6)

Tucker_Sbraggia

What are the two forms of vitamin C?

Ascorbic acid (reduced) - Antioxidant

Dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized) - Not antioxidant

What vitamins are the antioxidants?

ACE

Is vitamin C essential for all mammals?

No, for humans, but not ALL mammals

what is the main function of vitamin C?

Collagen synthesis (hydroxylation of proline and lysine)

Needs to maintain iron or copper in a reduced state in order for enzymes to work

What are the other functions of vitamin C?

- Metabolically active tissues

- Conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine

- Synthesis of carnitine and bile

- Metabolism of folate and tryptophan

- Absorption of non-heme iron

- Primary antioxidant (donates 2 H's to regenerate vitamin E)

- Pro-oxidant

- Stimulates WBC (immune)

What are the vitamin C requirements for men and women?

Men -90 mg

Women -75 mg

Smokers -RDA + 35 mg

What are good sources of vitamin C?

Bell peppers, citrus fruits and juices, broccoli, dark green leafy veggies

True or false, baking/cooking increases the bioavailability of vitamin C?

False, it decreases the bioavailability of it.

Does freezing increase or decrease vitamin C?

Increases it

What are the 4 H's of Scurvy?

- Hemorrhagic Signs- (pour wound healing)

- Hyperkeratosis of hair follicles

- Hypochondriasis (pyschological manifestations)

- Hematologic (impaired collagen synthesis and decreased iron absorption

What is the TUL of vitamin C and what can toxicity cause?

2000 mg, leads to osmotic diarrhea

(high doses in someone with kidney disease may lead to kidney stones because of the increase in oxalate)

What vitamins are used as co-enzymes for dehydrogenases?

B1, B2, B3

What is similar about all forms of thiamine?

They all contain a thiazole ring

What are the three types of thiamine?

- Thiamin triphosphate (TTP) not a coenzyme

Nervous system- Na channels and Cl transport in transduction

-Thiamine diphosphate (TDP) or Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) COENZYMES

Pyruvate--> acetyl CoA prep step (energy production)

Transketolase (NADPH and pentose synthesis

What are good sources of vitamin B1?

yeast, meat (pork), whole grains, enriched grains, legumes

What 3 vitamins are used in the pyruvate to acetyl CoA prep step?

B1, B3, B5

What are examples of anti-thiamine factors?

water, heat and basic pH (thiaminases in raw shellfish, phenolic acids)

What is a thiamin deficiency affecting peripheral nerves with numbness and paralysis? This is characterized by low thiamin and high carb intake.

Dry beriberi

What is a thiamin deficiency affecting the heart with edema and fatigue? this is characterized by low thiamine and edema (no high carb intake)

wet beriberi

What is a thiamin deficiency affecting the brain with decreased alertness?

Wernicke Korsakoff

What is a thiamin deficiency that causes anorexia, nausea, vomiting and lactic acidosis?

Actute beriberi (chronic infant deficiency)

What populations are at risk for a thiamine deficiency?

alcoholics, older adults, HIV/AIDS, diabetics, gastric bypass

What is the most common nutritional deficiency in alcoholics?

Thiamin

Is there a TUL for thiamin?

No, toxicity is very rare

What's a good way to remember which vitamin could be deficient for someone who is lactose intolerant?

I don't like the flavin of milk. (riboflavin B2)

What are the 3 forms of vitamin B2?

- Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-- Coenzyme

- Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

- Flavin Adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-- Coenzyme

What is the main function of riboflavin?

FAD and FMN are coenzymes

What are some other functions of riboflavin?

- Dehydrogenases (redox reactions)

- ETC

- 1st step of beta oxidation

- DNA synthesis

- Synthesis of B3, B6, B9

What are good sources of vitamin B2?

Cows milk, enriched grains, almonds, soybeans, eggs, meats, LI

Why do we store milk in opaque containers?

because the light could decrease the bioavailability of the riboflavin

What is a deficiency of vitamin B2 called and what is it often seen along side of?

Ariboflavinosis, often seen along side pellagra (B3) and a B6 deficiency

What are some of the sign of ariboflavinosis?

magenta tongue, corneal vascularization

What populations are at risk of having a B2 deficiency?

low dairy intake, pregnant or lactating women, diabetes, stress, hypothyroidism, tricyclic antidepressants

Is there a TUL set for B2?

No, (400mg has even been shown as an affective does for treating migraines)

What are the forms of vitamin B3?

Nicotinamine and nicotinic acid

What are the coenzyme functions of Niacin?

NAD (glycolysis, Krebs, beta oxidation, ethanol metabolism) used in the pyruvate--> acetyl CoA prep step and 2nd oxidative step of beta oxidation

NADPH (synthesis of FA, cholesterol, vit. B9)

What are the non-coenzyme roles of Niacin?

- ADP ribose transfer reaction

- DNA repair replication and transcription

- G protein activity

- Deacetylases for chromatic remodeling

- Intracellular calcium signaling

What is niacin made from?

Tryptophan

What is the cofactor for the creation of niacin?

Iron

What are the coenzymes for the creation of niacin?

B2, B6

What are good sources of vitamin B3?

enriched cereals, chicken, fish, pork, beef, peanuts, yeast, coffee, LI

What is a niacin deficiency known as?

Pellagra (rough skin)

Can pellagra because by a niacin and/or a tryptophan deficiency?

Yes

Pellagra is common with which diet?

where corn is a staple, (meat (pork), meal (corn meal) and molasses)

What are the 4 D's of pellagra?

-Dermatitis (looks like sunburn on the face/neck/arms)

-Dementia (HA, memory loss, confusion/disorientation)

-Diarrhea (inflammation of mucus memb. of mouth and GI

-Death

What other deficiency in pellagra found with?

aribovitaminosis (B2)

What populations are lightly to be deficient in Niacin?

malabsorption, alcoholics, HIV, chemotherapy, elderly

What is the most likely vitamin to cause gout?

Niacin (B3)

What is the TUL Niacin?

35 mg (no evidence of toxicity from diet sources)

What are side affects of niacin toxicity?

vasodilation, heartburn, liver damage--> gout, impaired blood glucose

What are the two forms of vitamin B5?

- Coenzymes A (CoA)

- Acetyl carrier protein (ACP)

What are the functions of vitamin B5?

CoA-

- metabolism of macros

- pyruvate to acetyl CoA prep step

- Krebs

- FA oxidation (every 4 steps)

- synthesis of (FA, cholesterol, phospholipids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids, B5, B6, B12)

What are good sources of vitamin B5?

meats, poultry, egg yolk, legumes, whole grains, potatoes, broccoli, mushrooms, avocados

Is vitamin B5 destroyed with cooking and freezing of foods?

yes

Freezing of foods will increase the bioavailability of _________ and decrease the bioavailability of _________

Vitamin C, Vitamin B5

What is a deficiency of B5 known as?

burning food syndrome

What are some of the signs and symptoms of burning food syndrome?

numb toes, burning hands and feet due to nerve inflammation, depression, fatigue, insomnia, and weakness

What is the TUL for B5?

no TUL or toxicity reported

What is the main form of vitamin B6?

Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)

What are the coenzyme functions of vitamin B6?

- Required for AA metabolism and glycogen degredation

- Synthesis of heme, sphingolipids, steroids, niacin, neurotransmitters

- Methylation

Diet higher in ____ require more B6

protein

What are the non-coenzyme functions of vitamin B6?

- Gene expression

- Prevent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

What are all the vitamins needed for methylation?

B6, B8, B12, choline

What are good sources of vitamin B6?

Enriched grains, meats, nuts

Does B6 have a higher bioavailability from plants or animals?

animals

What are signs and symptoms of a vitamin B6 deficiency?

Dermatitis, glossitis, cheiloisis, stomatitism, peripheral neuropathy, seizures, hypochromis microcytic anemia

What populations are at risk for a vitamin B6 deficiency?

Renal disease, autoimmune conditions, alcoholics, TB meds, corticosteroids

What is the TUL of vitamin B6?

100 mg

What can come from vitamin B6 toxicity ?

nerve damage (can happen from too much or too little

Taking a vitamin B6 supplement is not recommended for what population?

Those taking L-dopa for Parkinson's