APUSH Period 6 ID Terms - Mr. Baker

Henry Ward Beecher

- Prominent figure in the Reconstruction and the Gilded Age
- Congregationalist minister, social reformer, clergyman, and abolitionist
- Known for his powerful oratory, advocacy for abolitionism, and support for women's rights during the Reconstruction and Gilded Age periods
- Minister who worked against slavery in the Kansas Border War
- Promoted civil service reform
- An advocate of women's suffrage and temperance
- Bought guns to support Bleeding Kansas
- One of the most influential Protestant spokesmen of his time
- Also known for his emphasis on God's love, and his 1875 adultery trial
- His rhetorical focus on Christ's love has influenced mainstream Christianity throughout the 21st century

Salvation Army

- Purpose: To help the suffering souls throughout London who were not willing to attend, or even welcomed into, a traditional church
- A Protestant Christian church and an international charitable organization headquartered in London, England
- Founded by William Booth, a Methodist minister who began an evangelical ministry in the East End of London in 1865

Booker T. Washington

- Grandson of a slave
- Familiar with the South
- Published "Up From Slavery"
- Sought economic self-improvement from common black folk in fields and factories
- Called for hard work and patient humility on the part of African Americans as a way to achieve gradual progress
- Accepted Southern segregation
- Founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881 and created a curriculum, stressing vocational skills for farming, manual trades, and industrial work
- Had the philosophy of self-respect, gradualism, and separatism
- Blacks should focus on an economic base and work to prove themselves worthy of rights
- Self-improvement was essential and education was to focus on skills/vocational training
- Whites must allow them to prove themselves — segregation wouldn't be necessary once blacks had proven themselves
- In 1895, "Atlanta Compromise" speech delivered to great fanfare before a mixed crowd

W. E. B. DuBois

- Born free to free parents in MA
- Attended Fisk University (HBCU, TN), then earned a PhD from Harvard
- Shocked by all the racism in the South
- A sociologist and activist — published statistical analysis of the obstacles faced by Black Americans: poverty, crime, lack of education, and distrust of those outside the community
- Philosophy was the antithesis to BTW: a demand for immediate equality and end to segregation
- Full enforcement of the 14th and 15th Amendments
- The elite of the black race — the "Talented Tenth" — should fight to uplift all African Americans
- Education should be broad and not limited to trades
- Social protest and political action is necessary
- Criticized Booker T. Washington in "The Souls of Black Folk (1903)" — sociological essays on the black experience
- Founder of the NAACP (National Association of the Advancement of Colored People), 1910
- Saw no benefit for African Americans in sacrificing intellectual growth for narrow vocational training
- Would not accept the South's discriminatory caste system
- A better future would come only if black citizens struggled politically to end segregation and achieve suffrage and equal rights
- Demanded immediate equality and an end to segregation with the full enforcement of the 14th and 15th Amendments
- Proponent to widespread, general education, and social protest/political action

Crazy Horse

- A chief of the Oglala band of Lakota (Teton or Western Sioux) who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills
- Joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)
- Able tactician and a determined warrior in the Sioux resistance to European Americans' invasion of the northern Great Plains
- Was a Lakota war leader of the Oglala band in the 19th century
- Took up arms against the US federal government to fight against encroachment by white American settlers on Native American territory and to preserve the traditional way of life of the Lakota people
- Helped lead Indian resistance in the Sioux War (1876 to 1877)

J. M. Chivington

- Commander of the U.S. Army troops at the Sand Creek Massacre
- A former Methodist pastor and Mason who served as a colonel in the United States Volunteers during the New Mexico Campaign of the American Civil War
- Known as the "Fighting Parson"
- Union Army officer who led the brutal attack on a Cheyenne and Arapaho village at Sand Creek, Colorado, in 1864

Sitting Bull

- Sioux chief (1876-1877) who led the attack on Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn
- A Hunkpapa Lakota leader who led his people during years of resistance against United States government policies
- Remembered for his lifelong distrust of white men and his stubborn determination to resist their domination
- One of the leaders of Indian resistance in the Sioux War

- medicine man

Chief Joseph

- Led almost 600 Nez Perce toward Canada with the U.S. Army in hot pursuit
- In just 75 days, they traveled more than 1,300 miles. Every time the army closed to attack, he and his warriors drove them off. But before the Nez Perce could reach the border, they were forced to surrender. The government then shipped the defeated tribe to the bleak Indian country of Oklahoma.
- He and his warriors were forced to relocate after gold was discovered on their land
- They attempted to escape to Canada but were captured and forced onto a reservation, unable to return home

Plessy v. Ferguson (italicized)

- In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation did not constitute discrimination as long as accommodations for both races were "separate but equal"
- Plaintiff sued over violation of the 14th Amendment
- The court was to decide if having two separate train cars was constitutional to the 14th Amendment
- The court determined the segregation law didn't deny equality under the 14th Amendment
- The doctrine of "separate but equal" was established by SCOTUS, and segregation became constitutional in public facilities

Helen Hunt Jackson

- Poet who lobbied for Indian rights against government policies
- In 1881, she published "A Century of Dishonor", a best-seller that detailed government fraud and corruption in Indian affairs as well as the many treaties broken by the United States

Frederick Jackson Turner

- American historian in the early 20th century
- Best known for his essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" in which he argued that the spirit and success of the United States were directly tied to the country's westward expansion

John D. Rockefeller

- Established the Standard Oil Company
- His company controlled 90% of the nation's refining capacity and an oil empire (gasoline & kerosene)
- Bought out or joined competing oil refiners
- By 1870, his high-caliber, low-cost products could compete with any other
- Held an oil monopoly with his company

Andrew Carnegie

- Invested wisely and took advantage of the boom-and-bust business cycle
- Built the biggest steel mill in the world
- Expanded by purchasing rival steel mills and constructing new ones
- Could ensure a steady flow of materials from mine to mill and market as well as a steady stream of profits
- Monopolized the steel industry in the Gilded Age

Victorian Society

- Organized hierarchically
- Main organizing principles were gender and class
- Men were independent while women were dependent
- The roles of men and women became more sharply defined than they had ever been in history
- Valued a high standard of personal conduct across all sections of society
- Social, cultural, and moral values prevalent during the reign of Queen Victoria of Britain
- Emphasized strict mortality, proper behavior, and the importance of family and societal roles

William M. Tweed

- New York boss/politician
- During his reign in the 1860s and 70s, he swindled the city of New York out of a fortune
- His 3-story courthouse in lower Manhattan was originally budgeted at $250 thousand; however, he cheated the city into spending more than $13 million, over 60% of which ended up in his and his accomplices' pockets
- Died in jail

Thomas Nast

- A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century
- Considered to be the Father of American Political Cartooning
- His artwork was primarily based on political corruption
- He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

Samuel Gompers

- Emigrated (left) to New York in 1863
- Preached accommodation, not resistance
- Urged his followers to accept capitalism and the wage system
- Bargained with employers and used strikes and boycotts only as last resorts
- Helped create the American Federation of Labor
- Stressing gradual, concrete gains, he made the AFL the most powerful union in the country

Battle of Little BigHorn

- In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Colonel George Armstrong Custer's troops who tried to force them back onto the reservation
- Custer and all of his men died

United States v. E. C. Knight Company (italicized)

- The Supreme Court held that businesses involved in manufacturing (as opposed to "trade or commerce") lay outside the authority of the Sherman Antitrust Act
- Also known as the "Sugar Trust Case"
- Antitrust case that severely limited the federal government's power to pursue antitrust action under the Sherman Antitrust Act
- Limited the scope of the Sherman Antitrust Act and weakened federal efforts to regulate monopolies and industrial combinations, contributing to the era of laissez-faire economics and the dominance of big business in the late 19th century
- Legal case in which the US Supreme Court first interpreted the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
- Case began when the company gained control of the American Sugar Refining Company
- By 1892, American Sugar enjoyed a virtual monopoly of sugar refining in the US, controlling 98% of the industry
- President Grover Cleveland ordered the government to sue the Knight Company under the provisions of the Sherman Act, and the case reached the Supreme Court in 1895
- Court ruled 8 to 1 against the government, declaring that manufacturing (i.e. refining) was a local activity not subject to congressional regulation of interstate commerce

Sherman Antitrust Act

- Passed in 1890
- Forbade contracts or combinations that restrained competition — limited monopolies
- Relied on the only constitutional authority the federal government had over business: Its right to regulate interstate commerce
- Antitrust law which prescribes the rule of free competition among those engaged in commerce
- Passed by Congress
- Named after Senator John Sherman, its principal author
- First legislation enacted by the US Congress (1890) to curb concentrations of power that interfere with trade and reduce economic competition

Jane Addams

- Founded the Hull House in Chicago in 1889
- Hull House: a settlement house for immigrants and other slum dwellers
- Christian men and women dedicated themselves to service and sacrifice by teaching immigrants American ways and creating a community spirit that would foster "right living through social relations"
- American settlement activist, reformer, social worker, sociologist, public administrator, philosopher, and author
- An important leader in the history of social work and women's suffrage in the United States

monopoly

- Complete control of a product or business by one person or group
- Exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service
- Exclusive ownership through legal privilege, command of supply, or concerted action (exclusively owned by one party)
- Complete control of the entire supply of goods or of a service in a certain area or market

populism

- Political outlook that supports the rights and powers of the common people in opposition to the interests of the privileged elite
- This party evolved out of the economic distress of the 1890s among farmers and focused its anger against the era's large industrial incorporations, railroad monopolies, and banks
- As an outlook and philosophy, it persisted long after the party had dissolved
- The quality of appealing to or being aimed at ordinary people
- Political program or movement that champions, or claims to champion, the common person, usually by favorable contrast with a real or perceived elite or establishment

discontent

- Unhappy; displeased; miserable
- Lack of contentment
- Dissatisfaction with one's circumstances
- A person who is dissatisfied, typically with the prevailing social or political situation
- Lack of satisfaction with one's possessions, status, or situation

manifesto

- A public statement explaining the intentions, motives, or views of an individual or group
- A public declaration of policy and aims, especially one issued before an election by a political party or candidate

Herbert Spencer

- British philosopher who applied Darwin's theories of evolution to society
- "Survival of the Fittest" applied to human society
- Social Darwinism → used as justification for the gap between the rich and the poor; justification for laissez-faire conservatism
- Social Darwinism - the concept of natural selection applied to society; Natural forces/laws that determine the wealthy and the poor
- Maintained that in society, as in biology, only the "fittest" survived, dooming the unfit to poverty and rewarding the fittest with property and privilege
- This philosophy of ruthless competition certified turn-of-the-century business leaders' success even as they worked to destroy the very competition it celebrated

Eugene V. Debs

- Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman Strike
- Was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking
- While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America

William Jennings Bryan

- Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage," which won him the support of the Populist Party
- Appealed to Populists
- Wanted a bimetallic system, the free coinage of silver, and lower tariffs

Half-Breeds

- Republicans of the Gilded Age who supported reform
- A moderate Republican party faction led by Senator James G. Blaine
- Favored some reforms of the civil service system and a restrained policy toward the defeated South
- Did not seem to favor either the Republican or Democratic party
- A political faction of the United States Republican Party in the late 19th century
- Were a comparably moderate group
- Composed of the opponents of the Stalwarts, the other main faction of the Republican Party

Stalwarts

- Led by US Senator Roscoe Conkling, also known as "Lord Roscoe"
- Were sometimes called Conklingites
- Also referred to as "regular Republicans"
- Republicans who supported the spoils system
- Republicans in the 1870s who supported Ulysses Grant and Roscoe Conkling
- Accepted machine politics and the spoils system and were challenged by other Republicans called Half-Breeds, who supported civil service reform

William James

- Harvard psychologist who became the most famous popularizer of pragmatism (asking not "Is it true?", but "Does it work?")
- To him, pragmatism meant "looking towards last things, fruits, consequences, facts"
- What mattered the most to him were results

Frederick Law Olmsted

- Designer of New York City's Central Park
- Wanted cities that exposed people to the beauties of nature
- One of his projects, the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, gave a rise to the influential "City Beautiful" Movement

John Muir

- A naturalist and wilderness philosopher born in Scotland
- Campaigned to maintain natural wonders in a state of "forever wild" to benefit future generations
- Co-founded the Sierra Club
- President Roosevelt supported his campaigns by adding nearly 200 million acres to the government forest reserves

Mark Twain

- Real name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens
- American novelist, humorist, essayist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer
- Best known for his Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer
- He opposed the annexation of the Philippines
- Praised as the "Greatest humorist the US had produced"
- William Faulkner called him "The Father of American Literature"
- Acquired international fame from his travel narratives: The Innocents Abroad (1869), Roughing It (1872), Life on the Mississippi (1883), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)
- Transcended the apparent limitations of his origins to become a popular public figure and one of America's best and most beloved writers

lyceum

- A hall for public lectures or discussions
- An association providing public lectures, concerts, and entertainment
- A place where educational talks were given to the public
- A type of educational institution or organization
- Typically venues for public lectures, debates, and cultural events aimed at promoting education, self-improvement, and civic engagement among ordinary citizens
- Played a role in disseminating knowledge, fostering intellectual discourse, and promoting social reform movements such as abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights
- Contributed to the democratization of education and the spread of ideas during the Gilded Age

Victoria Woodhull

- Promoted the idea of "free love" and freedom from the confines of church and state
- A sexual liberation of women to challenge society's double standard
- Publisher of Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly
- Divorced her husband and ran for president in 1872 on the Equal Rights Party ticket
- Pressed the case for sexual freedom

National American Woman Suffrage Association

- Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (NWSA)
- Also led by Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and Julia Ward Howe (AWSA)
- An organization formed in 1890 to advocate in favor of women's suffrage in the United States
- Merged the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association
- Strategy was to push for the ratification of enough state suffrage amendments to force Congress to approve a federal amendment
- New approach focused the group's energies exclusively on recruiting new members and winning the vote for women

Stephen Crane

- American novelist who introduced grim realism to American literature
- His Red Badge of Courage is a psychological study of a Civil War soldier
- He had never been near a war when he wrote it but later was a reporter in the Spanish-American War

Susan B. Anthony

- Led "The Women's Loyal League" and pressed for the 14th and the 15th Amendments to recognize women's public role
- Denounced the 15th Amendment when it did not recognize women
- Organized the National Woman Suffrage Association to work for the passage of a new amendment giving women the ballot
- American social reformer and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement
- Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality
- Collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17
- American activist who was a pioneer crusader for the women's suffrage movement in the United States
- Was President (1892-1900) of the National Woman Suffrage Association — their work helped pave the way for the 19th Amendment (1920) to the Constitution, giving women the right to vote

Lester Frank Ward

- Sociologist who wrote Dynamic Sociology in 1883 and other books
- In his books, he argued that civilization was not governed by natural selection but by human intelligence, which was capable of shaping society as it wished
- He believed that an active government engaged in positive planning, which was society's best hope
- An American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist
- Served as the first president of the American Sociological Association
- American sociologist who was instrumental in establishing sociology as an academic discipline in the United States
- An optimist who believed that the social sciences had already given mankind the information basic to happiness
- Advocated a planned society ("sociocracy") in which nationally organized education would be the dynamic factor

Thorstein Veblen

- Eccentric economist who criticized the wealthy for "conspicuous consumption" and failure to serve real human needs
- Wrote Theory of the Leisure Class — he coined the concepts of conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure
- Well-known critic of capitalism
- Sought to apply an evolutionary, dynamic approach to the study of economic institutions
- Won fame in literary circles, and, in describing the life of the wealthy, he coined phrases — conspicuous consumption and pecuniary emulation — that are still widely used

Theodore Dreiser

- American novelist
- Spun dark tales of city dwellers struggling to keep body and soul intact in an effort to awaken the middle class to urban poverty
- Wrote Sister Carrie in 1900
- American practitioner of naturalism
- Leading figure in a national literary movement that replaced the observance of Victorian notions of propriety with the unflinching presentation of real-life subject matter

Edward Bellamy

- Journalist who wrote of the popular resentment against the inequalities of industrial capitalism
- His best-selling novel Looking Backward (1888) spawned many to demand redistribution of wealthy, civil service reform, and nationalization of railroads and utilities

Mary Cassatt

- An American Impressionist painter
- In her painting, Young Women Plucking the Fruits of Knowledge or Science, she suggested that the place of women in society was changing
- No longer bound by cultural conventions against the dangers of educated and potentially "uppity" women, a new generation of educated females would be justly celebrated for its achievements in science, the arts, and the professions

Texas v. White (italicized)

- US Supreme Court case in which it was held that the United States is "an indestructible union" from which no state can secede
- Revolved around the issue of whether Texas bonds sold to support the Confederacy during the Civil War were still valid
- A case argued before the United States Supreme Court in 1869
- Involved a claim by the Reconstruction government of Texas that United States bonds owned by Texas since 1850 had been illegally sold by the Confederate state legislature during the American Civil War
- Supreme Court ruled that Texas had remained a state throughout the Civil War and that its government under the Reconstruction Acts was the legitimate state government
- Therefore, the bonds sold by the Confederate state government were invalid
- Case affirmed the supremacy of the federal government over state governments and reinforced the principle that states cannot secede from the Union