Chapter 9

What are 2 differences between sexual + asexual reproduction?

Sexual: 2 parents, diverse offspring Asexual: 1 parent, identical offspring

What are diploid + haploid cells?

Diploid = have 2 sets of chromosomes.

Haploid = half the number of chromosomes

What are autosomes + sex chromosomes?

• autosomes = not involved in determining sex

• sex chromosomes = determine sex

What are homologous pairs and alleles?

homologous pars = chromosomes you get from each parent, theyre the same, to include their length; same sequence of genes

Alleles:  An alternate form of a gene; provides diversity

What is the life cycle of a typical animel?

must go through meiosis to create eggs + sperm when undergoing sexual reproduction

What are somatic cells + germ cells?

• Somatic = body cells; all diploid; undergo mitosis

•   Germ= Undergo meiosis to create gametes

What are gametes?

sex cells; sperm + eggar eguivalent structures; daughter cells of meiosis

What general events occur durine

Prophese 1, metaphase, anaphase i

Telophase 1?

• Prophase | : nucleus disappears + chromosomes condense (+ form chiasma)

•   Metaphase 1: Homologous chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

• Anaphase 1: Homo logous chromosomes are pulled apart
  Telophase 1: New nucleus + division of the cell

What are 2 similarities between mitosis + meiosis II?

similarities:

• cell division occurs

• division of nucleus

• start off w/ a single cell

• creation of daughter cell

What are 2 difference between mitosis + meiosis II?

• chromosomes number is conserved in mitosis + chromosome number in meiosis is split into haploid # of chromosomes

• meiosis is only undergone by germ cells + mitos is only undergone by somatic cells

What is crossing over + when does it occur during meiosis?

• The exchange of non-sister chromatids (zippered together)

• occurs in prophase I

What is synapsid?

synapsis = When homologous pairs are zippered together; combining /connection of homologous chromosomes

what are chiasma?

Chiasma = The chromosomes are attached at a few points along theis lengths where homologous materiel is exchanged

What is random alignment and when does it occur?

Different combinations of daughter cells, metaphase 1

How is the expression 2n used to determine the amount of variation produced by random assignment?

n=3, then 2n=6. If n=3, there are 8 variations.

What are 4 differences between mitotic division and meiotic division?

What is nondisjunction?

An error in how chromosomes separate during anaphase

What are polypoid cells + aneuploid cells?

Polypoid= An entire set of chromosomes Aneuploid: Abnormal # of chromosomes (an extra or missing chromosomes)

What are chromosomal deletion + chromosomal duplication?

Deletion: The loss of 1 or more genes Duplication: Produces multiple copies of a part of a chromosome