Measurement and Significant Figures in Chemistry

These flashcards cover key concepts in measurement and significant figures as presented in the chemistry lecture.

What is the significance of significant figures in measurements?

Significant figures indicate the precision of a measurement, reflecting the level of certainty in the data.

What is the formula for calculating density?

Density (D) is calculated as D = mass (M) / volume (V).

What is 300,000,000 m/s in scientific notation?

3.0 × 10^8 m/s, which is the speed of light.

How do you convert millimeters to meters?

Divide the millimeter value by 1000 (e.g., 378,000 mm = 378 m).

What are SI Units?

SI Units are the International System of Units, which include standard units like meters (m), kilograms (kg), seconds (s), and kelvin (K).

What is the freezing point of water in Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin?

Freezing point of water is 0 °C, 32 °F, and 273 K.

How is specific gravity defined?

Specific gravity is the density of a substance compared to the density of water (unitless).

What is the conversion factor for liters to milliliters?

1 liter (L) is equivalent to 1000 milliliters (mL).

What is an extensive property?

An extensive property is dependent on the amount of matter present, such as mass or volume.

What is an intensive property?

An intensive property does not depend on the amount of matter present, such as density or melting point.

How are percent errors calculated?

Percent Error = |(accepted value - experimental value) / accepted value| × 100.

What is the purpose of dimensional analysis?

Dimensional analysis is a method for converting units using equivalence statements.

What happens to significant figures during addition and subtraction?

In addition or subtraction, the result should be reported with the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places.

How do you round measurements for significant figures?

Round to the least number of significant figures present in the measurements used for the calculation.

What does a significant figure of '0' in front of a decimal number represent?

Leading zeros (0s before the decimal) are never counted as significant figures.

If decimal point is present, what zeros should be ignored?

If the decimal point is present, ignore all zeros on the 'Pacific' side.

How do you determine significant figures when converting units?

Significant figures should be maintained based on the least precise measurement involved.

What is the relationship between volume in cm³ and mL?

1 cm³ is equivalent to 1 mL.

How do you express 3.41 x 10^-3 in standard decimal form?

0.00341.

How do you express the number in the scientific notation 1.04 x 10^5 in standard form?

104,000.

What are the common prefixes in the metric system?

Kilo (k), centi (c), milli (m), and nano (n).

What signifies high precision in measurements?

High precision is indicated by measurements that are close together or have little variation.

What signifies high accuracy in measurements?

High accuracy is indicated by measurements that are close to the actual or true value.

What is the conversion for 1 stone in kilograms?

1 stone is equivalent to approximately 6.35 kg.

How is the boiling point of water expressed in Fahrenheit?

The boiling point of water is 212 °F.

What metric conversion factors can be used to find how many pounds are in a gallon of water?

Using the factors: 1 gallon = 8.34 lbs (approximately).