Anatomy lab 1

Anatomy

Is the scientific study of the
body’s structures or form.

Physiology

The study of chemistry and physics of the body or function

2 sections Anatomy is divided into

Gross anatomy and Microscopic Anatomy

Gross anatomy is

examination of large structures and features usually visible with no microscope

Gross anatomy examples

Surface, Regional, Systemic

Microscopic anatomy is

Structures in the body that can’t be seen without a microscope.

Microscopic anatomy examples

Cytology & Histology

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

the study of tissues

Levels of organization

Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, and Organismal level

Integumentary Organs

Skin, accessory structures, hair, and nails

Skeletal organs

bones, cartilage, joints

Functions of skeletal system

Internal
support, protection of
organs, flexible
framework for body
movement, forms blood
cells, and mineral storage

Integumentary system functions

External
support, protection of
the body, temperature
regulation, barrier for
immune function

Muscular system organs

Skeletal muscles, and tendons

Muscular system functions

Locomotion, support, and body heat production

Nervous system organs

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Nervous system functions

Detects and processes sensory information, directs responses to that stimuli by coordinating activities of other organ systems.

Endocrine system organs

Hormone secreting glands – thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland,
pineal gland, pancreas, testes and ovaries

Endocrine system functions

Secretion of hormones, which act as signals for other parts of the
body, regulating body processes

Circulatory system organs

Heart, blood, and blood vessels

Circulatory system functions

Transport of nutrients to cells, and waste products from cells, homeostasis of body temperature

Lymphatic and immune system organs

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow,
and tonsils. (Immune cells).

Lymphatic and immune system functions

Returning extracellular fluid to the blood, houses immune cells, provides protection against infection and disease, transports lymph, absorbs
and transports fats.

Respiratory system organs

Lung, trachea, larynx, & passages

Respiratory system functions

Gas exchange (O2 and CO2) between air and circulating blood

Digestive system organs

Salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and gallbladder

Digestive system functions

Intake, breakdown, and absorption of food in order to acquire nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water, as well as the elimination of feces

Urinary system organs

Intake, breakdown, and absorption of food in order to acquire nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water, as well as the elimination of feces

Urinary system functions

Controls water balance in the body, filters the blood to remove nitrogenous wastes, eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products,
controls pH, and electrolyte balance

Reproductive system-male organs

Testes, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, epididymis, and penis

Reproductive system-male functions

Production and delivery of sperm (gametes), production of sex hormones

Reproductive system-female organs

Ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands

Reproductive system-female functions

Production of egg (gamete), secretion of sex hormones, copulation, and support of fetus/infant

Functions of human life are

Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Development(growth and reproduction

Metabolism

Chemical reactions to make energy

Anabolic reactions are

building reactions, and they consume energy

Catabolic reactions are

breaking materials down and releases energy

Requirements for human life

Oxygen, Nutrients, Narrow range of temperature, Narrow range of atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis is

maintenance of internal body functions

3 components for homeostatic system

Receptor, control center, & effector

2 types of homeostatic systems

negative feedback and positive feedback

Stimulus→ Sensor

Control →Effector

Body temperature exceeds 37C→Nerve cells in skin & brain

Temperature regulatory center in brain→ Sweat glands throughout body

Positive feedback define

amplifies a starting system

Negative feedback define

helps maintain homeostasis that eithers slows or stops a reaction in the body

Atomical position

Arms at sides with palms facing up and feet apart with toes forward

Superior is

above

Inferior is

under

Medical imaging

X-rays, computed tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Positron emission tomography (PET), Ultrasonography