anatomy exam 1 study guide

What are the levels of organization in order?

1.) atoms

2.) molecular

3.) cellular (smallest living unit)

4.) tissue

5.) organ

6.) organ/body system

7.) organism

What are the major molecules in the human body?

• water (66%)

• Proteins(20%)

• Lipids(10%)

• Carbs(3%)

• Other(1%)

What are the stages of mitosis?

1.) prophase

2.) metaphase

3.) anaphase

4.) telophase

What occurs in prophase?

• chromosome condense nuclear envelope breaks down

• Spindle fibers grow from centrioles

What happens in metaphase?

• chromosomes lie along the midline of cell

• Some spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

• Fibers of aster attach to plasma membrane

What happens in anaphase?

• centromeres divide in 2

• Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell

• Each pole (future daughter cell) has identical set of genes

What happens in telophase?

-chromosomes gather at each pole of cell

Chromatin decondenses new nuclear envelope appears at each pole

New nucleoli appears in each nucleus

Mitotic spindle vanishes

What does a ribosome do?

• All cells gave ribosomes

• Synthesize proteins by translating genetic code from messenger RNA (mRNA) into chains of amino acid

Are all cells non membranous organelles?

Yes

Which part of the phospholipid (bilayer) membrane attract water?

• Hydrophilic (head)

Which part of the phospholipid (bilayer) membrane repel water?

• hydrophobic (tail)

What are the 4 types of tissues?

1.) epithelial

2.) connective

3.) nervous

4.) muscular

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

• serves for protection

• Secretion

• Absorption

What is the function of connective tissue?

• often specialized to support

• Bind

• Protect organs

What is the function of nervous tissue?

• specializes in rapid transmission of info to other cells

What is the function of muscular tissue?

• contraction

• Movement

What epithelial tissue is this and where is it found?

• simple squamous

• Diffusion & or lubrication to reduce friction

• Found in circulatory system + cavities

What epithelial tissue is this and where is it found?

• stratified squamous

• Abrasion

• Found in skin + oral cavity

What epithelial tissue is this and where is it found?

• simple cuboidal

• Filters blood

• Found in kidney tubules

What epithelial tissue is this and where is it found?

• stratified cuboidal

• Secretes sweat & milk

• Found in sudoriferous & mammary glands

What epithelial tissue is this and where is it found?

• simple columnar

• Secretes acids & mucous + absorb nutrients

• Found in stomach & intestines

What epithelial tissue is this and where is it found?

• stratified columnar

• Found in pharynx, anus, urethra

What epithelial tissue is this and where is it found?

• pseudo-stratified columnar

• Moves phlegm up & make mucous

• Found in Respiratory system

What epithelial tissue is this and where is it found?

• transitional epithelial

• Stretch, stratified diff shapes

• Found in bladder, renal pelvis, & ureters

What’s does stratified mean?

• many layers

What does simple mean?

• 1 layer

What does squamous mean?

• irregular shape

What does cuboidal mean?

• square

What does columnar mean?

• pillar shape

What is the order of the 5 layers of the epidermis?

• stratified basale

• Stratified spinosum

• Stratified granulosum

• Stratum lucidum

• Stratum corneum

What sectional plane is this?

Transverse plane

What sectional plane is this?

Frontal plane

What sectional plane is this?

Sagital plane