AP HUG Exam Reveiw

Important Vocab

New urbanism

An urban design movement that promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods and mixed use neighborhoods

Brown feild remediation

a process where hazardous contaminants are removed or sealed off from former industrial sites

Multiplier effects

Describes how initial economic activity and input can lead to increased economic activity and success later on(a initial big investment)

Growth poles

 A urban area that attracts businesses and economic activity, causing economic growth and spreading growth to surrounding areas

Gentrification

Economic reinvestment in existing real estate

Blockbusting

Agents would convince white homeowners to sell their homes quickly and cheaply by leading them to believe that minorities were moving into the neighborhoods and that property values would go down.

Redlining

Banks and insurers would designate neighborhoods where home mortgage and insurance would automaticalluy be denied.

De jure segregation

Legalized segregation that is enforced through law(Jim Crow laws)

Primate city

When the largest populated city in a country is at least twice the population of the second largest city

Rank size rule

when a countries 2nd largest city is half the size of the largest city, the 3rd largest city is ⅓ the largest city and so on

World City

A city that is a global center for finance, trade, and commerce.

Metacities

a urban area with a population over 20 million

Megacities

A urban area exeeding the population of 10 million

Edge cities

A urban area with a large suburban area or business area surrounding it

Boomburbs

Suburbs that rapidly expand into small cities

Counter urbanization

Migration from the urban areas to rural areas

Situation

The situation of a place relates to its surrounding features

Site

The specific physical characteristics and location of a place

Threshold

The population needed to support a service

Range

the distance people are willing to travel for a service

Concentric zone model

Hoyt Sector Model

Multiple nuclei model

Latin American city model

Galactic/periphery city model

Bid Rent Theory

Southeast Asian City Model

Sub Saharan African City Model

Primary sector of economy

extracting raw materials from the earth(mining, forestry, fishing)

Secondary Sector of Economy

Processing raw materials into final products(manufacturing)

Tertiary Sector of Economy

The services sector(retail)

Quaternary Sector of Economy

Business services like finance

Quinary Sector of economy

consumer and high executive services like ceo’s, government

Comparative advantage

when a country has the ability or resources to produce a good or service at less cost and more efficiently than other countries

Off Shoring

Relocating a business or job to a different country to take advantage of economic factors

Outsourcing

A company hiring and using labor from other countries for manufacturing

GDP(Gross Domestic Product)

the dollar value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a year(Goods + Services)

GNI(Gross National Income)

The dollar value of all the goods and services produced in a country as well as exports minus imports(Goods + Services + (exports - imports)

Per Capita

Per person(divide by population)

HDI(Human Development Index)

Measures the level of development by taking into account social and economic indicators(Life expectancy at birth, Mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, GNI per capita=PPP)

Ecotourism

A form of tourism that is based in the environment and protects the environment, and promotes local economic development

Free trade agreements

Improve international trade by reducing and eliminating trade borders between countries

Rostow’s Stages of Growth

• Stage 1: traditional society, primary sector economy

• Stage 2: Preconditions for takeoff, investment in infrastructure

• Stage 3: Take Off, economy shifts to industrial

• Stage 4: Drive to maturity, technological advancements diffuse through the country

• Stage 5: Age of mass consumption, industrial trade economy, education levels are high, agriculture is mechanizeds and no longer traditional

• Limitations: Based on industrialized developed countries, Not all countries cna utilize comparative advantages(his model is based on the idea that countries have a comparitive advantage to help them develop), Government corruption and colonial legaucy barriers to development, suggests linear growth

Wallerstiens Core-Periphery/World Systems Model

• Core: Most economically developed, influential to the world, Strong governments, Industrialized and focussed on services, Dominance, import raw materials from periphery countries, take advantage of cheap labor and raw materials

• Semi periphery: between the core and periphery, Moving toward industrialization, somewhat developed, Import goods front he core, export to periphery

• Periphery: Least developed, weak government, high social inequality, commodity dependent, primary sector economy

Bulk Gaining

A product that starts lighter or smaller and is made to be heavier or bigger as a final product. This causes the factories to be closer to the market/consumers

Bulk Reducing

a product that starts very large or heavy, and the final product weighs less. This causes the factories to be near to where the input/material is harvested

Footloose industry

a business that has no tie to resources and can be located anywhere

Agglomeration

The concentration of similar businesses to take the advantage of a shared skilled labor pool, specialized suppliers, and service providers

Crops/animals Hearths

Southwest Asia: Barley, wheat, lentil, olives(diffused to europe and central asia

- East Asia: rice and millet

- Sub-Saharan Africa: Sorghum, yams, rice, millet

- Latin America: Beans, Cotton, potato, maize(diffused to north and south america)

- Southwest Asia: Cattle, goats, pigs, sheep

- Central Asia: horses(diffuesd with the indo-european language)

Green Revolution

Brought higher yields with the more often use of gmo’s, fertilizers, and machines

Multi Cropping

Growing multiple crops on the same farm(more secure compared to monoculture-crops to fall back on)

Monoculture

growing one type of crop on a farm(more risk) - wheat is often grown this way

Pastoralism

raising livestock on open grazing land/pastors

Nomadic herding/transhumance

Migrating live stock based on seasons and the time of year(ex: higher elevations in warmers months, lower elevations in colder months)

Intensive agriculture

A system of agriculture that uses large amounts of labor and money per unit of land. (ex: Greenhouse farming)

Extensive agriculture

An agricultural system that has low inputs of labor for the land area

Crop rotation

rotation crops to different plots of land to preserve the land

Slash and burn agriculture

burning of land and forests to open it for agriculture(often happens in tropical rainforest regions)

Desertification

when land is over used and becomes desert like(can heppen because of things like overgrazing)

Soil Salinization

when water irrigated in dryland and desert region dries up and leaves the salts in the soil, eventuallt making the soil unusable(ex: irrigation in the nile delta)

Subsistence Agriculture

Farming where the food made is for the farmer and small community, not for profit

Commercial Agriculture

Farming where the food is produced to sell for profit

State

A geographic area with a permanent population, defined borders, sovereign government, and is recognized by other states

Sovereingty

The ability and authority of a state to govern itself

Nation

a group of people with a shared culture, language, history, and self determination

Self determination

the right or desire for a nation or group of people to govern themselves

Nation state

self governing state with a homogenous population that has a shared language or culture. EX: Japan, iceland, south korea

Multinational state

A state that has more than one nation within its borders(canada,USA)

Multistate nation

a nation that exists across many states

Stateless Nation

a nation that has a history of self determination but do not have a recognized state(The Kurds)

Automonous region

located within a state and has a high degree of independence from the state but is still a part of the state(native american reservations in the US)

Semi Autonomous Region

regions controlled by another state that have a smalls mount of self governance(hong kong)

Colonialism

The practice of acquiring territories and settling there, controlling the land

Imperialism

The idea of growing a state or empire by exerting force over other nations to control the people

Decolonization

when a colony becomes independent from its colonizer

Devolution

 the transfer of power from the central government to regional governments

Neo-colonialism

the use of ESPN factors to influence or control other countries(Ex: china giving loans to africa that africa cant pay back)

Shatterbelts

areas where external powers are in conflict with eachother, affecting the local area and people(korean peninsula, Korean war)

Chokepoint

a stragetic narrow route leading to another area/country

Defined boundary

Agreed upon and set

Demarcated boundary

when the boundary is physically marked

Delimited Boundary

when a boundary is drawn on a map

Geometric boundary

uses the lines of longitude and latitude(ex: 49th parallel(seperates the US and canada))

Antecedent Boundary

A boundary that existed before human settlement (boundary between argentina and chile is a mountain range)

Relic Boundary

a boundary that is no longer active but still impacts the cultural landscape(berlin wall)

Superimposed Bounadry

created by a external power without taking into consideration different cultural groups and local needs, made to benefit the external power.(berlin conference)

Subsequent Boundary

aa boundary made to settle a conflict between different cultural groups, is a “consequence” of something(Border between pakistan and india, Nunavat in canada)

Territorial sea

 laws on the mainland apply in this area, political and economic control(0-12 nautical miles from shore)

Contiguos Zone

12-24 nautical miles, polution laws, migration laws

Exclusive economic zone

24-200 nautical miles, right to natrual resources

International waters: no direct contro

Territorial sea

200 nautical miles and out, no direct control

Internal boundaries

congressional districts, county boundaries, city and school districts, voting districts

Gerrymandering

redistricting a voting district to favor one political party over another

Cracking

spreading like minded voters to make them less powerful/impactful on the vote

Packing

grouping like minded voters into groups so that they can’t win against the other voters(reduces their impacts)

Unitary state

one centralized government, little to no power in the local government, centripetal, cant address local issues efficiently, usually smaller and more homogenous

Federal state

When power is distributed between national government and local governments, used by states with a large geographic area and diversity, efficiantly handles local issues, greater chance of devolution

Ethnic Separatism

when a group identifies more as their own ethnic group rather than a citizen of their state(basques and catalans in spain)

Terrorism

the use of violence against civilians to promote terror for political reasons

Ethnic Cleasing

when a ethnic group is pushed out of a state, often to make it homogenous