5.2) Counseling and Helping Relationships

Berne suggested three ego states: the Parent, the Adult, and the Child (P-A-C). The Parent ego state is composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood. TA therapists speak of two functions in the Parent ego state, the:

A) Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent

B) Critical Parent and the Repressed Parent

C) Reactive Parent and the Active Parent

D) Passive Parent and the Active Parent

Nurturing Parent and Critical Parent (A)

Also known as the "exteropsyche," the Parent ego states bears a very strong resemblance to Freud's superego. When a counselor analyzes out of which ego state a client is primarily operating, it is know as "_______ _______."

Structural analysis

The _______ Parent is sympathetic, caring, and protective

Nurturing

The _______ Parent is the master of the shoulds, oughts, and musts.

Critical

The _______ Parent is opinionated with biases not based on fact.

Prejudicial

The death or absence of a parent can result in what TA counselors call an "_______ _______ _______."

Incomplete Parent state

The Adult ego state:

A) Contains the "shoulds" and "oughts"

B) Is the seat of feelings

C) Is like Freud's superego

D) Process facts and does not focus on feelings

Process facts and does not focus on feelings (D)

The Adult corresponds to Freud's _______.

Ego

The Child ego state is like the little kid within. The child may manifest itself as:

A) The Natural Child

B) The Adapted Child

C) The Little Professor

D) All of the above

All of the above (D)

The Child state, sometimes called the "archaeopsyche," resembles Freud's _______.

Id

The _______ Child is what the person would be naturally: spontaneous, impulsive, and untrained.

Natural

The _______ _______ acts on hunches, often without the necessary information.

Little Professor

The _______ Child learns how to comply to avoid a parental slap on the hand.

Adapted

Messages we receive from parents to form the ego states are called "_______" and causes us to make certain early life decisions.

Injunctions

Describing the client using the P-A-C conceptualization is known as "_______ _______."

Structural analysis

TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions:

A) Occur where vectors of communication run parallel

B) Are known as crossed transactions

C) Are always between the Child and Adult ego states

D) Are always empathetic

Occur where vectors of communication run parallel (A)

"_______" transactions are when you get an appropriate, predicted response.

Complementary

The "_______ _______" would occur when vectors from a message sent and a message received do not run parallel.

Cross transaction

TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris's book "I'm OK- You're OK." The title of the book illuminates a healthy life position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes or recognition. A person categorized by the position "I'm OK- You're Not OK"

A) Is generally self-abusive

B) Blames others for misery

C) Generally engages in self-mutilation

D) Is generally suicidal

Blames others for misery (B)

A man yells at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. The woman begins crying and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn't know how he can continue doing all the housework because it is too difficult. A TA therapist who analyzes the situation using Stephen Karpman's drama triangle would say:

A) The man is stuck in the "I'm Not OK-You're Not OK" life position

B) The Critical Parent is dominating

C) The man is obviously an adult child of an alcoholic

D) The man was moved from the persecutor, then the rescuer, then the victim role.

The man was moved from the persecutor, then the rescuer, then the victim role. (D)

A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action?

A) Empty chair technique

B) Ego state analysis

C) Contracting

D) Formal assertiveness training

Contracting (C)

The _______ _______ technique, the person imagines that another individual is in a chair in front of him or her, and then the client talks to the person.

Empty chair

A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Games are said to prevent true intimacy. Which other statement is true of games?

A) In a first-degree game someone gets seriously hurt

B) In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game

C) For a game to occur, three people must be involved

D) Games always involve parallel vectors of communication

In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game (B)

The the (1)_______-degree game the hurt is innocuous; in the (2)_______-degree game the hurt is more serious; while in the (3) _______-degree games the hurt can be permanent or on occasion deadly.

(1) First

(2) Second

(3) Third

Some exams will refer to parallel vectors of communication as "_______ ________."

Complementary transactions

Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called:

A) Rackets

B) Life scripts

C) The Little Professor

D) An analysis of variance

Rackets (A)

When a client manipulates others to experience a childhood feeling, the result is called a "_______."

Racket

_______ ________, is a person's ongoing drama which dictates how a person will live his or her life.

Life script

According to Eric Berne a life script is actually:

A) An ulterior transaction

B) An ego state

C) A life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life

D) A series of parallel transactions

A life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life (C)

The _______ scripts, or a person who never feels he or she will succeed

Never

The _______ scripts, of individuals who will always remain a given way.

Always

_______ scripts, that result in a way a person believes he or she will behave after a certain event occurs

After

_______-________ scripts, in which the person has no direction or plan

Open-ended

_______ scripts, in which the client is not allowed to feel good until a certain accomplishment or event arrives

Until

_______ transactions contain hidden transactions as two or more ego states are operating at the same time.

Ulterior

Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to:

A) The empty chair technique

B) Gestalt therapy

C) The underdog

D) The top dog

Gestalt therapy (B)

_______ is the father of transactional analysis, while Frederick S. Perls created gestalt therapy

Berne

Perls say the "_______ _______" as the Critical Parent potion of the personality which is very authoritarian and quick to use "shoulds" and "oughts."

Top dog

The "_______" was seen as weak, powerless, passive, and full of excuses.

Underdog

Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of:

A) Perls and Berne

B) Ellis and Harper

C) Prochaska's transtheoretical model (TTM)

D) Carkhuff and Gazda

Carkhuff and Gazda (D)

Precontemplation

The person is not ready to change or acknowledge the issue

Contemplation

The person is ambivalent or getting ready to change

Preparation

The person comes up with ideas how to change

Action

The individual takes steps to improve

Maintenance

Relies on behaviors to prevent relapse and to perpetuate the new behaviors

The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of:

A) Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming

B) New language programs for computer therapy

C) New language psychotherapy software

D) Neurological psychotherapy

Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming (A)

When using _______ the counselor helps the client to perceive a given situation in a new light so as to produce a new emotional reaction to it.

Reframing

In_______, a desirable emotional state is evoked via an outside stimulus such as a touch or a sound or a specific bodily motion.

Anchoring

A gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client's projection via:

A) Playing the projection technique

B) The empty chair technique

C) Converting questions to statement

D) A behavioral contract

Playing the projection technique (A)

A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time she talks about the probability of marriage. A gestalt therapist would most likely:

A) Ask the client to recount a dream

B) Urge the client to engage in thought stopping

C) Prescribe relaxation homework

D) Urge the client to stay with the feeling

Urge the client to stay with the feeling (D)

Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles:

A) Successive approximations

B) Paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson

C) Free association

D) Paraphrasing with emotional reflection

Paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson (B)

_______ ________ is an operant behavior modification term which suggests that a behavior is gradually accomplished by reinforcing "successive steps" until the target behavior is reached.

Successive approximations

A client undergoing gestalt therapy who states "It is difficult to get a job in New York City" would be asked by the counselor to:

A) Go to the O*Net online website which is the replacement for the DOT and is now the nation's primary source of occupational information

B) Change the verbalization to an "I" statement

C) Read the OOH

D) Take the Strong Interest Inventory (SII)

Change the verbalization to an "I" statement (B)

Gestalt therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here and now incorporates:

A) Psychodrama

B) Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy, which asserts that maladaptive thinking creates emotional disturbance and thus clients should record dysfunctional thoughts

C) Conditioned reflex therapy

D) Client-centered therapy

Psychodrama (A)

According to gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt, would be engaging in:

A) Sublimation

B) A panic reaction

C) Retroflection

D) Repression

Retroflection (C)

_______ is the act of doing to yourself what you really want to do to someone else.

Retroflection

Gestalt means:

A) A group

B) A form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole

C) A dyad

D) Visual Acuity

A form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole (B)

Perls suggested _______ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.

A) Four layers of neurosis

B) Three layers of neurosis

C) Two layers of neurosis

D) Five layers of neurosis

Five layers of neurosis (D)

Perl's five layers of neurosis.

1. No hint sorry...

2. (Fear that others will reject his or her uniqueness

3. (The person feels struck)

4. (Willingness to expose the true self)

5. (Person has relief due to authenticity)

1. Phony layer

2. A phobic layer

3. An impasse layer

4. The implosive layer

5. The explosive layer

In gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as:

A) Unfinished business

B) The emerging gestalt

C) Form/figure language

D) The top dog

Unfinished business (A)

According to gestalt therapy an unexpressed feeling of resentment, rage, guilt, anxiety, or other emotion interferes with present situations and causes difficulties, it is known as "_______ ________."

Unfinished business

Bluma Zeigarnik's well-known "Zeigarnik effect," suggests that motivated people tend to experience tension due to unfinished tasks, and thus _____________________________.

They recall unfinished activities better

Wertheimer's "_______" is the illusion of movement that can be achieved via two or more stimuli which are not moving.

Phiphenomenon

Gestalt therapy emphasizes:

A) Cognitive-behavioral issues

B) Transference issues

C) Traumatic childhood memories

D) Awareness in the here and now and dream work

Awareness in the here and now and dream work (D)

The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of:

A) Behavioral self-control

B) Choice theory

C) Top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique

D) The rehearsal experiment

Top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique (C)

Glasser's _______ theory postulates that behavior is really an attempt to control our perceptions to satisfy our genetic needs-- survival, love, and belonging, power, freedom, and fun.

Choice

Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an effective treatment that:

A) Often fails to emphasize the importance of dreams

B) Ignores nonverbal behavior

C) Often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns

D) Uses the making the rounds technique, which Is not appropriate for group work

Often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns (C)

_______ occurs when the therapist points out discrepancies or incongruences between the client's verbal and nonverbal behaviors.

Confrontation

Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy was during:

A) The late 1970s

B) The late 1960s

C) The 1980s

D) The mid-1950s

The late 1960s (B)

The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would most likely progress _______ that the relationship a client would have with a Rogerian counselor.

A) Faster

B) Slower

C) At the same pace

D) A and B

Slower (B)

The school of counseling created by Carl R. Rogers, Ph.D., has undergone three name changes. Initially it was called ________, then ________, and in 1974 it changed to _________.

A) Nondirective; client-centered; person-centered

B) Directive; nondirective; client-centered

C) Person-centered; Rogerian; nondirective

D) Client-centered; person-centered; nondirective

Nondirective; client-centered; person-centered (A)

Rogers's approach is characterized as a(n) _________ approach.

A) Existential or humanistic

B) Cognitive

C) Cognitive-behavioral

D) Neodynamic

Existential or humanistic (A)

Which statement is true of the person-centered approach?

A) Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice

B) Advice is given a lot

C) Reflection is rarely utilized

D) Closed-ended questions keep the sessions moving at a fast pace.

Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice (A)

In the person-centered approach, an effective counselor must possess:

A) The skill to be confrontational

B) The ability to give advice

C) The ability to do formal psychological testing

D) Empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable, "I--Thou relationship."

Empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable, "I--Thou relationship." (D)