Us hsitory midterm

African slaves in America

Brought by the Spanish as a new source of labor.

Native Americans and land

Believed land was sacred and belonged to everyone.

Influence on Native Americans' way of life

Most influenced by their environment.

Native American trading networks

Extensive.

African empire with complex government

Songhai had separate departments for defense, banking, and farming.

Non-plantation cash crop

Livestock is NOT a plantation cash crop.

Portuguese ships to West Africa

Brought slaves in addition to trade goods.

Effect of increased trade on European monarchs

Caused them to compete with one another.

Growth of cities and trade in Europe

Increased the power of the Church was NOT a major effect.

Power of African leaders

Determined by the amount of gold they possessed.

Social structure of Native American groups

Often based on family and clan.

Europeans during the Early Middle Ages

Were essentially isolated from the rest of the world.

Difference in African slavery

People enslaved in Africa could leave slavery at some point.

Event increasing European awareness in late Middle Ages

The Crusades were instrumental.

Decline during the Renaissance

The power of the Church.

Treaty of Tordesillas beneficiaries

Spain and Portugal benefited.

Initial relationship between Europeans and West Africans

Based upon trade.

Greatest source of misery for Native Americans

Disease brought through contact with Europeans.

Rulers of Spain supporting Columbus

To win an advantage over their European rivals.

Long-range sea travel before Renaissance

Sailors were unable to calculate their position at sea.

House of Burgesses significance

An important step toward self-government in the English colonies.

Fountain of Youth Explorer

Juan Ponce de León

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

Native Americans drove the Spanish out of Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Trade Route Sought by Explorers

the Northwest Passage

King Philip's War

Native Americans resisted the growth of English colonies.

English vs. Spanish Colonization

The English forced Native Americans to change their culture to that of the English.

Bacon's Rebellion Cause

providing troops to defend settlers against Native American raids

Roger Williams Banished Reason

believed that land should be purchased directly from Native Americans.

Growing Tobacco in Jamestown

ensured the success of Jamestown.

Middle Colonies Characteristics

proprietary colonies granted by the king.

French in North America

a fur trade with the Native Americans.

Maryland Toleration Act Limitation

It did not provide protection for non-Christians.

Mayflower Compact Principle

belief in self-government

Spanish Settlements Purpose

protect their sailing and trading routes and find more gold.

New Amsterdam Renaming

New York.

Haven for Debtors

Georgia.

First Successful French Colony Founder

Samuel de Champlain

Spanish Priests at Missions

convert Native Americans to Christianity.

Option for Settlers Unable to Pay Voyage

to become indentured servants

New England Colonies Founding Reason

escape religious persecution.

Great Awakening

a religious movement.

Slaves in the Middle Colonies and New England

small farms

Economy of the Middle Colonies

The economy was based on commerce, farming, or both farming and commerce (mixed and diverse).

The Gentry in Colonial America

The gentry had power and wealth.

Result of Interaction Between European and African Americans

The result was an increase in tensions between slaves and plantation owners, religious integration and tolerance, a blend of oral and written storytelling, and greater integration of the two cultures.

Slaves in the Far Southern Colonies

Slaves worked under especially harsh conditions.

British Settlers Moving West in the Mid-1700s

They moved in search of land of their own.

Dominance in Colonial Government

The colonial legislature (white, land owning men) dominated colonial government.

Slaves' Freedom in Daily Existence

Slaves enjoyed the most freedom over their daily existence in New York and Pennsylvania.

Long-term Effect of the Great Awakening

It led to the idea that people were endowed by their creator with certain civil rights.

Women's Rights in the English Colonies

Women had few legal rights.

Triangular Trade

The triangular trade involved trade between Africa, England, and the Americas.

Navigation Act Requirements

The Navigation Act required the colonies to sell certain goods only to England and use only English ships.

Reason for New England's Public Education Leadership

Puritan settlers believed everyone should be able to read the Bible.

Reasons for Better Lives of American Colonists

They lived longer, ate better, and were better educated.

Reasons for Moving Inland from Atlantic Coast

More fertile soil and fresher water spurred settlers to move further inland.

Boys' Activities in Colonial Society

Boys from most families worked as apprentices.

Critical Factors for Wealth and Power According to Mercantilists

A large supply of bullion was critical to the wealth and power of a nation.

England's Interference with Colonial Economy in the Mid-1600s

During the mid-1600s, England directly interfered with the colonial economy.

Legal Land Ownership in the Colonies

Land ownership was also legal for widowed women with children, widowed women without children, single women, and indentured servants.

French and Indian War

A conflict caused by the movement of French colonists east and British colonists west, among other factors.

Treaty of Paris 1763

An agreement in which France handed over all the land it claimed east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain.

British strengths in the war for independence

Included knowledge of the colonies by British commanders, a well-trained army and navy, dependence of Americans on Native American allies, and popularity of the war among the British people.

Colonists' protest against the Stamp Act

Colonists felt that the British had no right to tax them.

First Continental Congress measure

The boycott of all British goods was important in the Battles of Lexington and Concord.

Native Americans after the American Revolution

Many were attacked for their support of the British.

British troops and colonial militia during the French and Indian War

They fought side by side.

Economic hardships during the American Revolution

Civilian colonists endured disruption in trade, scarcity of supplies, high inflation, and a decrease in profiteering.

Inspiration from the American Revolution

In addition to gaining independence, it inspired a sense of patriotism.

Declaration of Independence and natural rights

It was based on the idea that natural rights belong to all human beings.

Battle of Saratoga

Resulted in France's entry into the war on the side of the Americans.

Common Sense pamphlet

Called for independence from Great Britain.

British decision after the French and Indian War

They decided to raise more money from the colonies.

Drafting the Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson was selected to draft it.

Proclamation of 1763

Issued by King George, it closed the region west of the Appalachian Mountains to all settlement by colonists.

Government based on rule of law

Makes decisions based on the law and must act in the best interest of the people it governs.

Effect of the British blockade of American ports

Necessary goods were hard to find.

Groups NOT joining the British

French traders did NOT join the British in the war against the American colonists.

French and Indian War in Europe

It was called the Seven Years' War.

Battle of Yorktown

The colonial victory that signaled the end of the War of Independence.

Constitution of the United States

The foundational legal document of the United States, established between 1776 and 1800.

House of Representatives seats

According to the Constitution, the number of seats for each state is determined by the size of the state's population.

George Washington's administration

Every action and inaction established precedents for how to govern.

Executive branch

The branch of the United States government led by the President.

Bill of Rights

Added to the Constitution to protect citizens' liberties.

District of Columbia governance

Governed by federal authorities.

Checks and balances

A system created by the Constitution to keep power under control within the national government.

Nationalists

Believed that the United States needed a stronger national government.

Constitutional shortcomings

Many Americans felt that it was lacking a clear declaration of the rights of the people.

Federal government prior to D.C.

Resided in Philadelphia before being relocated to the District of Columbia.

Virginia Plan

Called for large states to have more voting power than small states.

Federalist argument

Argued that the Constitution should be ratified by the states.

Critical support for Constitution

James Madison's support was critical in its ratification.

Articles of Confederation

Created a limited national government.

Washington's presidency

He tried to set good examples for future Presidents.

Vice President to George Washington

John Adams served as Vice President.

Shays' Rebellion

Convinced many prominent Americans that it was time to strengthen the national government.

Difference between Articles and current government

The Articles provided for only one branch of government.

First Cabinet critic

Thomas Jefferson resigned and became a critic of Washington.

James Madison's title

Known as the 'Father of the Constitution' for his great influence over its writing.