Abnormal Psych Test 1

Treatment in the community

insurance

Inpatient treatment

medical and psychological care, during which a person stays at a medical or rehabilitation facility (can be voluntary)

Multicultural competency

practice, ensuring psychologists can understand and respond to the diverse cultural backgrounds of clients

Trephination

An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior. Believed bad spirits led to mental health disease

Hippocrates

In Greece, he was a scientist who believed all diseases came from natural causes. Mostly believed came from the brain.

Galen

believed the nervous system of animals was the root of mental health issues

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality, which attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts: the id, ego, & superego

Defense mechanisms

denial, displacement, intellectualization, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, sublimation, suppression, and undoing

Displacement

A defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

Intellectualization

a coping mechanism in which the person analyzes a situation from an emotionally detached viewpoint. focuses on the cognitive portion

Projection

a defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Rationalization

A defense mechanism that makes up excuses for others/everything

Reaction formation

A defense mechanism by which people behave in a way opposite to what their true but anxiety-provoking feelings would dictate. (ex: a gay person having an anti-gay stance)

Regression

A defense mechanism that involves reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behavior (ex: curling up in a fetal position when emotional)

Repression

A defense mechanism by which anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings are forced into the unconscious. (coping with overwhelming emotions by blocking awareness or memory of the stressful event)

Sublimation

A defense mechanism that involves channeling aggressive/sexual energy into positive, constructive activities. (turning emotion into art/music)

Suppression

A defense mechanism used by an individual who is aware of unacceptable feelings or thoughts but refuses to deal with them

Repression vs Suppression

coping with overwhelming emotions by blocking awareness or memory of the stressful event (UNconscious)

consciously keeping unacceptable feelings and thoughts out of awareness (CONscious)

Psychosocial stages of development

According to Erikson, there are eight successive stages encompassing the life span. At each stage, we must cope with a crisis in either an adaptive or a maladaptive way.

Classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (Pavlov, Watson)

Operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher (Wolpe, Skinner)

Social learning

a theory that suggests we learn social behaviors by watching and imitating others

Humanistic

How we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment (striving towards personal growth)

Rogers

need 3 conditions: empathy, genuineness/congruence, unconditional positive regard

Maslow

hierarchy of needs and self-actualization is inherited in us

Hierarchy of needs

Cognitive model

the view that emphasizes thinking as the key element in causing psychological disorders

Biopsychosocial Model

perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health

Diathesis-Stress Model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

Self-report test

A method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits; also called an objective test or an inventory.

Projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger the projection of one's inner dynamics

Rorschach Test

a projective test that involves ink on a page

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures (has 5 mins)

Neuropsychological testing

assessment of brain and nervous system functioning by testing an individual's performance on behavioral tasks

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

A neuropsychological test that evaluates a patient's ability to remember that previously learned rules of behavior are no longer effective and to learn to respond to new rules.

Bender Gestalt Test

A widely used screening tool for neuropsychological deficits that entails interpreting and recreating patterns

Trail Making Test

A neuropsychological test of visual attention and task switching. (connect the dots)

Thalamus

the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

Pituitary Gland

located at the base of the brain and controls other endocrine glands; regulates growth and fluid balance

Limbic system

A system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

Amygdala

A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

Cerebral Cortex

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

Temporal lobe

An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information

Parietal lobe

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

Occipital lobe

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; it includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

Frontal lobe

The lobe at the front of the brain associated with movement, speech, and impulsive behavior.