AP Bio Cell Transport & Organelles

Rough ER

all eukaryotes, attached to nucleus, makes and exports proteins

Smooth ER

in eukaryotic plants and animals, detoxifies the cell and makes lipids, metabolism

Golgi apparatus

in prokaryotic plants and animals, packages proteins into vesicles to deliver

Cytosol

in all cells, Gel-like matrix that holds water and nutrients

cell membrane

in all cells, regulates what comes in and out of the cell (small NP molecules)

cytoskeleton

all cells, structural support, highway for transport

mitochondria

in all eukaryotes, creates energy

lysosome

in eukaryotic animal cells, removes waste

central vacuole

in eukaryotic plant cells, stores water nutrients and waste, maintains turgor pressure

peroxisome

all eukaryotic cells, breaks down fatty acids, detoxifying toxins

nucleus

in all eukaryotic cells, stores genetic info

nucleolus

in all eukaryotic cells, makes ribosomes

ribosome

in all cells, makes proteins

vacuoles

in eukaryotic cells, stores water and nutrients

vesicles

in eukaryotic cells, transport materials around the cell

cell wall

in plants, fungi, and prokaryotic cells, rigid barrier protecting the cell

chloroplasts

in plant cells, makes food using the process of photosynthesis

prokaryotic characteristics

bacteria and archaea, single celled, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, oldest cells

eukaryotic characteristics

plants animals fungi and protists, single or multicellular, has a nucleus, has membrane bound organelles

endosymbiotic theory

complex eukaryotic cells evolved from simpler prokaryotic cells, with key organelles originating from free-living bacteria engulfed by larger ancestral cells, forming a symbiotic relationship where both benefited

fluid mosaic model

cell membrane as a flexible bilayer with various proteins and carbohydrates embedded or attached, resembling a mosaic, allowing components to move laterally, crucial for cell function, transport, and signaling

selective permeability

membrane only lets small, nonpolar molecules diffuse freely

passive transport

net movement within the concentration gradient until dynamic equilibrium

active transport

net movement against the concentration gradient, will not reach dynamic equilibrium, requires ATP

dynamic equilibrium

occurs when molecules moving with the gradient reach the same net concentration on both sides of the membrane (net movement zero)

simple diffusion

net movement of small nonpolar molecules with the gradient without channel protein aid (small nonpolar molecules)

facilitated diffusion

net movement of molecules with the gradient that requires the use of channel protein (large polar molecules)

aquaporins

integral membrane proteins forming channels that rapidly transport water (and sometimes glycerol/solutes) across cell membranes

sodium potassium pump

maintains concentration gradient of Na and K ions across membranes of neurons

endocytosis

process by which cells take in molecules into the intracellular space (bulk import)

exocytosis

process by which cells release molecules into extracellular space (bulk export)

projections

increase cell Surface area:Volume ratio, makes it more efficient at transporting materials

surface area to volume ratio

cells need large surface area to volume ratio to be efficient at transport

tonicity

how much solute is dissolved in the solvent

solute

substance being dissolved

solvent

substance doing the dissolving

hypotonic

less stuff, more water outside the cell (water will move inside the cell)

hypertonic

more stuff, less water outside the cell (water will move out the cell)

isotonic

same stuff, same water (no net movement of water because the cell is at dynamic equilibrium)

osmosis

spontaneous movement of solvent (usually water) across a semipermeable membrane from high water concentration (lower solute) to low water concentration (higher solute) to equalize concentrations