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What is spatial prespective?
The way geographers analyze and interpret arrangements of people
What is place?
A specific point on the earth distinguished by a particular characteristics (human or physical)
What is space?
The geometric surface
What is site?
The physical characteristics of a place
What is situation?
the location of a place relative to other places and its connectivity
What is a mental map?
an individuals subjective prespective
What is demography?
The scientific study of population characteristics such as size, density, and distribution
What are refugees?
People forced to leave their country
What are IDPs?
People forced to flee but they stay within country borders
What are asylum seekers?
People who have fled their country and have applied for refugee status but have not been approved
What is material culture?
Physical objects
What is non material culture?
Non physical objects
What is acculturation?
The process by which one cultural group adopts certain traits of another but keeping old culture
What is assimilation?
When a group adopts new culture and forgets old
What is syncretism?
The blending of elements like culture
What does the UN do?
Help with peace, security, and a bit of econ
What does the EU do
Better economics
What does NATO do
Military help
What does ASEAN do?
Economic growth and stability
What does the AU do?
Unity and development, some econ
What is plantation?
Large scale monocrop agriculture in the tropics
What is pastoralism?
Raising livestock, often in arid regions
What is shifting cultivation?
Slash and burn agriculture in tropics
What is a megacity?
Over 10 million ppl
What is a metacity?
Over 20 million ppl
What is a primate city?
The largest city in the country by a lot (Paris, Africa)
What is rank size rule
the nth largest city is 1/n of the largest city(US)
What is urban sprawl?
an uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into rural areas. Leads to pollution.
What is gentrification?
The process of renovating urban neighborhoods, attracting rich and displacing poor ones
What is the burgess concentric model?
Cities grow in rings outwards. Low income housing is first, they work in CBD and are poorest. Modest workers are in the 2nd ring, they also work in CBD. Middle class is 3rd, those rich enough to commute. High class is farthest and very low density
What is the Hoyt Sector model
Model with sectors, the transportation hub with railroads is close to CBD. Poor low class is adjacent to the transportation. Middle is to the far left and right and the rich are all the way to the right
What is the Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei model?
Several centers as CBD loses influence. Clusters that specialize in a certain thing
What is the galactic model?
Middle is CBD. Edge cities circulating around the CBD as they are self-sufficient
What is the hearth of Hinduism and where is is seen today?
It is primarily in India and originated from the Indus valley
What is the hearth of Buddhism and where is it seen today? How did it spread?
Concentrated in east and southeast asia. Originated from India and Nepal. It spread through missionaries
What are missionaries?
A person sent by a religious group to share faith and religion
What are primary economic activities?
Activities that involve taking valuable products from the earth
What is a nucleated settlement?
A clustered settlement where there is intensive farming and the houses are close together. Found in LDCs
What is a dispersed/ linear village?
Individual farm house with extensive farming. Houses are far apart/ in a line. In MDCs
What is a round village?
Central area used for livestock. It is circular. In LDCs
What is a walled village?
A village with walls surrounding it. Medieval
What is a grid village?
Planned villages using squares
What are seed crops?
Crops that grow through sexual reproduction
What are root crops?
Parts are planted and they grow back
What was the 1st agricultural revolution?
Domestication of plants and animals. No more hunting and gathering.
What were the effects of the 1st agricultural revolution?
Allows for cities, longer life, and other careers
What was the 2nd agricultural revolution
Machinery and technology to farm. Gave rise to crop rotation and enclosure movements
What were enclosure movements?
Combining small farms with big farms
What is pastoral nomandism and where
It is in the drylands and it is subsistence farming where people move based on herd and where the good food/soil is.
What are export commodities?
Many crops grown in a specific area and sold globally
What is grain agriculture?
Grain crops. Produced where the land is too dry for mixed crop
What is weber's least cost theory?
How to minimize cost based on what is being produced and position from the resources and the market
What is quatenary sector of economy?
Knowledge, data
How is HDI measured?
Long life, participation in the economy, and healthcare
How is GII measured?
Reproductive health, empowerment, jobs
What is agglomeration?
Related businesses being close together to maximize profit
What is the multiplier effect?
Building factories increases job opportunities like janitors etc
What is a conurbation?
Urban areas that spread out and merge with suburbs and surrounding towns
What is a boomburg
Rapid growing suburbs
What is a hamlet?
No urban stuff
What is range?
How far someone is willing to go
What is threshold?
Minimum customers needed to keep a company working
What are benefits to a primate city?
Best services, attracts trade, good transport
What is zoning
Government dividing land into specific specialized areas like homes, businesses, or farms to be organized and avoid conflict
What is government influence in economics
Better internet availability
What is government influence in environmental?
More greenspace, zoning,
What are cost effects of development?
More taxes to improve infastructure and services
What is redlining?
Banks refusing to land loans to certain areas which increases poverty
What is blockbusting?
Agents selling a home in a white neighborhood to a colored person and telling neighbors that the neighbor is reducing house values so white neighbors move out
What is white flight?
Migration of white people to suburbs
What is inclusionary zoning
Kicked out people out of residence can move back into renovated place while paying the same price
What is urban renewal?
improved depressed areas, upgrading buildings
What is cultural ethnocentrism
Belief that ones culture is superior
What is cultural relativism?
Idea that culture should be understood and not judged
What are the universalizing religions?
Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam
What are the ethnic religions?
Judaism and Hinduism
What is multiculturalism?
Several distinct cultures coexisting
What is self-determinism
A people or nation have the right to determine its own political status, governance, sovereignty
What is a chokepoint
A strategic, narrow route providing passage to another region
What is a shatterbelt?
Regions caught between stronger collisions, becomes fragmented
What is a consequent boundary?
A boundary created for cultural differences
What is the EEZ?
A country has access to travel and resources 200 nautical miles off its coast
What is the territorial sea
A country has full sovereignty of resources 12 nautical miles of its coast
What are four ways devolution can occur?
Physical geography separating people, ethnic seperatism(ethnic groups seek more power), ethnic cleansing, terrorism
What is democratization?
Spreading idea of democracy
What is exurban sprawl
Urban development in rural areas, it usually is out of the place
What makes a city a global city?
A city with great economic and social influence on the world. It has good trade and is very iconic or invents stuff often.
What is there a high population density near CBDs and low population densities in the suburbs?
CBD attracts people for jobs so theres highrise buildings to hold more people so people in suburbs have fewer jobs and less dense housing
What are three problems with new urbanism?
Increased housing costs, loss of historic character, and ethnic and economic segregation
What is fair trade
A form of trading that aims to create equity and sustainability in international trade by ensuring theres fair prices and wages and good environments