AP HuG Exam Review

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90 Terms

1
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What is spatial prespective?

The way geographers analyze and interpret arrangements of people

2
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What is place?

A specific point on the earth distinguished by a particular characteristics (human or physical)

3
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What is space?

The geometric surface

4
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What is site?

The physical characteristics of a place

5
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What is situation?

the location of a place relative to other places and its connectivity

6
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What is a mental map?

an individuals subjective prespective

7
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What is demography?

The scientific study of population characteristics such as size, density, and distribution

8
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What are refugees?

People forced to leave their country

9
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What are IDPs?

People forced to flee but they stay within country borders

10
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What are asylum seekers?

People who have fled their country and have applied for refugee status but have not been approved

11
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What is material culture?

Physical objects

12
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What is non material culture?

Non physical objects

13
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What is acculturation?

The process by which one cultural group adopts certain traits of another but keeping old culture

14
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What is assimilation?

When a group adopts new culture and forgets old

15
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What is syncretism?

The blending of elements like culture

16
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What does the UN do?

Help with peace, security, and a bit of econ

17
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What does the EU do

Better economics

18
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What does NATO do

Military help

19
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What does ASEAN do?

Economic growth and stability

20
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What does the AU do?

Unity and development, some econ

21
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What is plantation?

Large scale monocrop agriculture in the tropics

22
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What is pastoralism?

Raising livestock, often in arid regions

23
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What is shifting cultivation?

Slash and burn agriculture in tropics

24
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What is a megacity?

Over 10 million ppl

25
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What is a metacity?

Over 20 million ppl

26
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What is a primate city?

The largest city in the country by a lot (Paris, Africa)

27
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What is rank size rule

the nth largest city is 1/n of the largest city(US)

28
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What is urban sprawl?

an uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into rural areas. Leads to pollution.

29
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What is gentrification?

The process of renovating urban neighborhoods, attracting rich and displacing poor ones

30
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What is the burgess concentric model?

Cities grow in rings outwards. Low income housing is first, they work in CBD and are poorest. Modest workers are in the 2nd ring, they also work in CBD. Middle class is 3rd, those rich enough to commute. High class is farthest and very low density

31
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What is the Hoyt Sector model

Model with sectors, the transportation hub with railroads is close to CBD. Poor low class is adjacent to the transportation. Middle is to the far left and right and the rich are all the way to the right

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What is the Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei model?

Several centers as CBD loses influence. Clusters that specialize in a certain thing

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What is the galactic model?

Middle is CBD. Edge cities circulating around the CBD as they are self-sufficient

34
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What is the hearth of Hinduism and where is is seen today?

It is primarily in India and originated from the Indus valley

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What is the hearth of Buddhism and where is it seen today? How did it spread?

Concentrated in east and southeast asia. Originated from India and Nepal. It spread through missionaries

36
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What are missionaries?

A person sent by a religious group to share faith and religion

37
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What are primary economic activities?

Activities that involve taking valuable products from the earth

38
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What is a nucleated settlement?

A clustered settlement where there is intensive farming and the houses are close together. Found in LDCs

39
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What is a dispersed/ linear village?

Individual farm house with extensive farming. Houses are far apart/ in a line. In MDCs

40
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What is a round village?

Central area used for livestock. It is circular. In LDCs

41
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What is a walled village?

A village with walls surrounding it. Medieval

42
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What is a grid village?

Planned villages using squares

43
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What are seed crops?

Crops that grow through sexual reproduction

44
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What are root crops?

Parts are planted and they grow back

45
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What was the 1st agricultural revolution?

Domestication of plants and animals. No more hunting and gathering.

46
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What were the effects of the 1st agricultural revolution?

Allows for cities, longer life, and other careers

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What was the 2nd agricultural revolution

Machinery and technology to farm. Gave rise to crop rotation and enclosure movements

48
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What were enclosure movements?

Combining small farms with big farms

49
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What is pastoral nomandism and where

It is in the drylands and it is subsistence farming where people move based on herd and where the good food/soil is.

50
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What are export commodities?

Many crops grown in a specific area and sold globally

51
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What is grain agriculture?

Grain crops. Produced where the land is too dry for mixed crop

52
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What is weber's least cost theory?

How to minimize cost based on what is being produced and position from the resources and the market

53
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What is quatenary sector of economy?

Knowledge, data

54
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How is HDI measured?

Long life, participation in the economy, and healthcare

55
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How is GII measured?

Reproductive health, empowerment, jobs

56
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What is agglomeration?

Related businesses being close together to maximize profit

57
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What is the multiplier effect?

Building factories increases job opportunities like janitors etc

58
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What is a conurbation?

Urban areas that spread out and merge with suburbs and surrounding towns

59
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What is a boomburg

Rapid growing suburbs

60
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What is a hamlet?

No urban stuff

61
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What is range?

How far someone is willing to go

62
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What is threshold?

Minimum customers needed to keep a company working

63
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What are benefits to a primate city?

Best services, attracts trade, good transport

64
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What is zoning

Government dividing land into specific specialized areas like homes, businesses, or farms to be organized and avoid conflict

65
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What is government influence in economics

Better internet availability

66
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What is government influence in environmental?

More greenspace, zoning,

67
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What are cost effects of development?

More taxes to improve infastructure and services

68
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What is redlining?

Banks refusing to land loans to certain areas which increases poverty

69
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What is blockbusting?

Agents selling a home in a white neighborhood to a colored person and telling neighbors that the neighbor is reducing house values so white neighbors move out

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What is white flight?

Migration of white people to suburbs

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What is inclusionary zoning

Kicked out people out of residence can move back into renovated place while paying the same price

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What is urban renewal?

improved depressed areas, upgrading buildings

73
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What is cultural ethnocentrism

Belief that ones culture is superior

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What is cultural relativism?

Idea that culture should be understood and not judged

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What are the universalizing religions?

Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam

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What are the ethnic religions?

Judaism and Hinduism

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What is multiculturalism?

Several distinct cultures coexisting

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What is self-determinism

A people or nation have the right to determine its own political status, governance, sovereignty

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What is a chokepoint

A strategic, narrow route providing passage to another region

80
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What is a shatterbelt?

Regions caught between stronger collisions, becomes fragmented

81
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What is a consequent boundary?

A boundary created for cultural differences

82
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What is the EEZ?

A country has access to travel and resources 200 nautical miles off its coast

83
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What is the territorial sea

A country has full sovereignty of resources 12 nautical miles of its coast

84
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What are four ways devolution can occur?

Physical geography separating people, ethnic seperatism(ethnic groups seek more power), ethnic cleansing, terrorism

85
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What is democratization?

Spreading idea of democracy

86
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What is exurban sprawl

Urban development in rural areas, it usually is out of the place

87
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What makes a city a global city?

A city with great economic and social influence on the world. It has good trade and is very iconic or invents stuff often.

88
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What is there a high population density near CBDs and low population densities in the suburbs?

CBD attracts people for jobs so theres highrise buildings to hold more people so people in suburbs have fewer jobs and less dense housing

89
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What are three problems with new urbanism?

Increased housing costs, loss of historic character, and ethnic and economic segregation

90
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What is fair trade

A form of trading that aims to create equity and sustainability in international trade by ensuring theres fair prices and wages and good environments