Government Chapter 13

Human rights

1. Human rights are the basic freedoms entitled to every single human being. These rights are the core of the political system in the United States. Some examples of human rights are: freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and to be able to read and write whatever you want. The Constitution protects these basic rights. However, the people of the United States also have the responsibility to maintain the strength and endurance of their rights. These rights give people over the course of the government. Because of this power, people must carry out their responsibilities. Without the carrying out of these responsibilities, society will suffer. 

Incorporation

1.  Originally, the Bill of Rights intended to act as a protection against the actions of the federal government. Over time, through the process of incorporation the Bill of Rights was extended to all levels of government. When the Constitution was drafted in 1787 a Bill of Rights did not exist. This was because at the time most states had their own bill of rights, so the Founding Fathers did not think it was necessary. However, many states mistrusted the new constitution, and refused to ratify it unless a bill of rights was added. Eventually, the Bill of Rights was created in 1791. Though the Bill of Rights did not originally intend to limit the power of state and local governments, through the process of incorporation the Bill of Rights was extended to every level of government. 

Establishment clause

1. The First Amendment covers a few different rights given to the American people. The establishment clause prohibits the government from making a religion the official state religion. This clause also prevents the favoring of one religion over another, or favoring religion over non-religion. This clause ensured the separation of church and state, which kept the country away from religious issues and disputes. 

Free exercise clause

The free excercise clause is the second clause of the First Amendment. The free exercise clause prevents the government from interfering with the exercise of religion. This clause protects an inidividual’s right to freedom of religion. As long as someone’s religious practices(or lack of them) do not cause public harm, people have the freedom to practice and believe in what they like.

parochial schools

religious schools

secular

non religious

pure speech

spoken speech harder to regulate

symbolic speech

uses actions to express opinions. Easier to regulate because it is actions and they can cause harm

seditious

speech urging restsitance to lawful authority or saying lets overthrow the gov

sequestered

keeping the jury isolated

sheild laws

laws that give reporters some means of protection

against being forced to disclose confidential infor-

mation or sources in state courts.

picketing

patrolling an establishment to convince workers and the public not to enter it by labor unions

hecklers veto

The public vetoes the free speech and as-

sembly rights of unpopular groups by

claiming demonstrations will result in

violence. Such claims may be effective

because government officials will al-

most always find it easier to curb un-

popular demonstrations than to take

measures to prevent violence.

Nationalization

They can sue. Can sue all the way up to the Supreme Court. This is known as nationalization. Can take a level of government to court all the way up the S.C if the feel their rights have been violated.

Not all things have been incorporated, explain

Part of 5th Amendment says that grand jury is needed for cases before serious charges can be filed. This part of the amendment has not been fully incorporated in some states. Part of 8th Amendment with bail and fines, some states give excessive bails and fines because it has not been incorporated. Another part of the 8th amendment. No cruel punishment has been interpreted differently by states(some have death penalty, some don’t), because it hasn’t been incorporated.