Psych 13

Mimicry

copying behaviours and mannerisms of others

mimicry is mostly conscious or unconscious

unconscious

mimicry can help to facilitate ___

social bonding

Social norms

unwritten guidlines of how to behave in a situation

social loafing

putting less effort into tasks when working with others

4 factors that affect social loafing

Low efficacy belief

believing your contribution is not important

not caring

feeling others are not trying hard

social facilitation

when performance is enhanced by the presence of others

Yerkes-Dodson law says what

performance of simple tasks increses with arousal

performance of dificult tasks increase with moderate arousal but decrease with to much

(clutch or choke)

groupthink

when group members go towards the same idea to minimize conflict (even if its bad idea)

what factors lead to groupthink

other perspectives not considered

pressure to conform

overconfidence in decisions

group polarization

beliefs strengthen with group discussions

why is dangerous to intertwin politics and identity

easier to justify hatred against people with opposite belifs

conformity

change in behaviour to fit in with a group

what experiment did Sullivan Ash do

bring particapent into room with ‘‘actors’’ to compare line to refference line with ‘‘actors’’ choosing the wrong one on purpose to see if they conform

Normative influence

maintain private belif the group is wrong but you go along with it (don’t want to be embaressed)

informational influence

become convinced that the group must be right

what factors effect conformity

size (more means more)

familliarity (conform mroe to people we know)

complexity (harder - more)

presence of nonconformists

anonymity

ostracism

made to feel like we are left out which violates our need to belong

what can ostracism strengthen our belif in

the values of the group to try to gain social acceptance

bystander effect

presence of lots other people reduce likelihood of helping by anyone

diffusion of responsibility

felling of the need to help is spread out to everyone (everyone thinks someone else is gonna do it)

what can overcome the bystander effect

if they have specialized training (CPR)

people who like doing something to benefit others without caring how it affects you

Pluralistic ignorance

in uncertain situations we conform to how other people react

smoke room study showed what

pluralistic ignorance

social roles

specific sets of expectations for how someone should behave

what did the standford prision study look at

social roles

what resulted from stanford prison study

prisoners had breakdowns because guards treated them like shit

Deindividuation

state of decreased self values and conform to how they think they should behave

(prison guard)

was the standford prison study ethical

no

what was Zimbardo accused of

telling prisoners they cant leave

coaching guards to be extreme

why were demand characteristics an issue with Standord prison study

guards wanted to give the researchers something to look at

Riot behaviour and police militarization are examples of

Deindividuation

who made the obedience to authority study

Stanley Milgram

what happened in the obedience to authority study

particapents gave increasing electric shocks to another person if they got the question wrong

(seeing how much harm someone would give to another due to authority)

what was found in the obidence to authorty study

75% of people went until extreme pain

65% went past the ‘‘death’’ level

what model do we use to talk about how we judge other people

duel process model

what makes up the duel process model

implicit and explicit processes

implicit processes

underlying automatic thinking

explicit processes

more careful effortful thinking

are our first impressions accurate

yes for some qualities

what do first impressions contribute to

self fulfilling prophecies

false consensus effect

assuming that our views are representative of society at large

Naive realism

assuming our perceptions are accurate and those who differ must be wrong

better than average effect

we assume we are better than most people on average (when mathamaticlly improbable)

Dunning-Kruger effect

tendency of people who know the least to overestimate their abilities the most

internal atribution

explaining a persons behaviour due to an intrinsic quality of the person

external attribution

explaining a persons behaviour as a result of the social context

locus of control

degree of which people believe they have control over their own life

2 types of locus of control

internal and external

external locus of control

its because of something else (xyz fault)

internal locus of control

praise yourself for doing good / working hard

which locus of control do you use when

whichever one suites the moment

fundamental attribution error

we often quickly resort to judging people based off internal attributions

(they did xyz because thats just the way they are)

ingroup

group we feel we belong to

outgroup

group we feel is different for any reason

when is fundamental attribution error more likely

when judging someone from outgroup

in group bias

more likely attribute positive qualities to our own in group (more leanant in our judgements)

stereotype

set of common beliefs about a group of people

prejudice

personal attitudes based on stereotypes

discrimination

change of behaviour based on prejudice

positive stereotypes can still have __

negative consequences

what happened to Mary Whiton Calkins

denied her PhD even though it was brilliant

idigenous people make up how much of prison pop

25%

implicit associations test

measures how fast people respond to serotype-consistant and inconsistent stimuli

what was found with implicit association test

people associated white with positive faster than Black people with positive

what are arguments against implicit association test

results not stable day to day

does not predicit individuals tendency for discrimination

how can we reduce implicit bias

practice and training

contact hypothesis

we need regular contact and common goals with others to reduce bias

face memory and recognition skills depend on

diversity of faces exposed to during development

what model explains how we can change peoples minds

elaboration likelihood model

elaboration likelihood model is a _____ process model

dual

what does the route of persuasion in the elaboration likelihood model depend on

motivation and time to process

2 routes in elaboration likelihood model

Central and peripheral model

central route of elaboration likelihood model is based on ________ processes

explicit

the peripheral route of elaboration likelihood model is based on ________ procesess

implicit

when is central route of elaboration likelihood model used

when using peoples logic and reasoning to change their minds

(using substanstial evidence that needs attention)

using the central route of elaboration likelihood model it results in__

long lasting change

when is periperal route of elaboration likelihood model used

when people lack motivation or time

(play on peoples feelings and quick processes)

using the peripheral route of elaboration likelihood model it results in__

temporary change

what effect can be seen in peripheral route of elaboration likelihood model

dunning-kruger

construal level theory

information affects us differently depending on psychological distance from info

psychological distance

how connected a person feels to something

what can enhance the success of the central route of ELM

construal level theory

identifiable victim effect

people are more moved when we hear about personal stories of strugle

experiential system

more implicit and emotional

analytic system

more explicit and uses more logical processes

when both experiential and analytic system are activated which takes over more

analytic

attitude inoculation

strengthen peoples attitudes by showing them a weak counter argument and teaching them to refute that (give them ready made arguments)

what can damage the central route of ELM

message complexity (not overwhelming them)

negative emotions

what can enhance the peripheral route of ELM

authority

liking

social validation

Halo effect

a positive impression of someone makes us more likely to give them positive qualities

social validation

conformity of others facilitates persuasion

reciprocity

we feel a sense of obligation to others if they have done something for us

door in the face technique

start with outragous offer and follow it with more resonable offer which more people are more likely to accept than if just presented the 2nd offer

foot in the door technique

opp of door in the face, start with small offer and then try to go up with the offer

cognitive dissonance theory

inconsistant belifs creats inner tension that we really work to reduce

what experiment showed cognitive dissonance theory

purpusfully boring task and then tell the next particapent it was fun and paid 20 or 1 dollar

did the 20$ or 1$ group think the experiment was more boring after for the cognitive dissonance exeriment

20$ because they got a larger sum that they used as justification that it was indeed very boring, had no cognitive dissonance

justification of effort

constantly trying to find internal justifications for actions and beliefs

hazing can lead to ___

people wanting to join even more