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Homestead lockout (p. 544)
The 1892 lockout of workers at the Homestead, Pennsylvania, steel mill after Andrew Carnegie refused to renew the union contract. Union supporters attacked the guards hired to close them out and protect strikebreakers who had been employed by the mill, but the National Guard suppressed this resistance and Homestead, like other steel plants, became a non-Union mill.
Management revolution (p. 546)
An internal management structure adopted by many large, complex corporations that distinguished top executives from those responsible for day-to-day operations and departmentalized operations by function.
Vertical integration (p. 547)
A business model in which a corporation controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to packaged products. "Robber barons" or industrial innovators such as Gustavus Swift and Andrew Carnegie pioneered this business form at the end of the Civil War.
Horizontal integration (p. 548)
A business concept invented in the late nineteenth century to pressure competitors and force rivals to merge their companies into a conglomerate. John D. Rockefeller of Standard Oil pioneered this business model.
Trust (p. 548)
A small group of associates that hold stock from a group of combined firms, managing them as a single entity. Trusts quickly evolved into other centralized business forms, but progressive critics continued to refer to giant firms like United States Steel and Standard Oil as "trusts."
Deskilling (p. 551)
The elimination of skilled labor under a new system of mechanized manufacturing, in which workers completed discrete, small-scale tasks rather than crafting an entire product. With Deskilling, employers found they could pay workers less and replace them more easily.
Mass production (p.551)
A phrase coined by Henry Ford, who helped to invent a system of mass production of goods based on assembly of standardized parts. This system accompanied the continued deskilling of industrial labor.
Scientific management (p. 552)
A system of organizing work developed by Frederick W. Taylor in the late nineteenth century. It was designed to coax maximum output from the individual worker, increase efficiency, and reduce production costs.
Chinese Exclusion Act (p. 561)
The 1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States. it continued in effect until the 1940s.
Great Railroad Strike of 1877 (p. 565)
A nationwide strike of thousands of railroad workers and labor allies, who protested the growing power of railroad corporations and the steep wage cuts imposed by railroad managers amid severe economic depression that had begun in 1873.
Greenback-Labor Party (p. 565)
A national political movement calling on the government to increase the money supply in order to assist borrowers and foster economic growth; "Greenbackers" also called for greater regulation of corporations and laws enforcing an eight-hour workday.
Producerism (p. 566)
The argument that real economic wealth is created by workers who make their living by physical labor, such as farmers and craftsmen, and that merchants, lawyers, bankers, and other middlemen unfairly gain their wealth from such "producers."
Granger laws (p. 566)
Economic regulatory laws passed in some midwestern states in the late 1870s, trigged by pressure from farmers and the Greenback-Labor Party.
Knights of Labor (p. 567)
The first mass labor organization created among America's working class. Founded in 1869 and peaking in strength in the mid-1880s, the Knights of Labor attempted to bridge boundaries of ethnicity, gender, ideology, race, and occupation to build a "universal brotherhood" of all workers.
Anarchism (p. 568)
The advocacy of a stateless society achieved by revolutionary means. Feared for their views, anarchists became scapegoats for the 1886 Haymarket Square bombing.
Haymarket Square (p. 568)
The May 4, 1886, conflict in Chicago in which both workers and policemen were killed or wounded during a labor demonstration called by local anarchists. The incident created a backlash against all labor organizations, including the Knights of Labor.
Farmers' Alliance (p. 568)
A rural movement founded in Texas during the depression of the 1870s that spread across the plains states and the South. The Farmers' Alliance advocated cooperative stores and exchanges that would circumvent middlemen, and it called for greater government aid to farmers and stricter regulation of railroads.
Interstate Commerce Act (p. 569)
An 1887 act that created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), a federal regulatory agency designed to oversee the railroad industry and prevent collusion and unfair rates.
Closed shop (p. 570)
A workplace in which a job seeker had to be a union member to gain employment. The closed shop was advocated by craft unions as a method of keeping out lower-wage workers and strengthening the unions' bargaining position with employers.
American Federation of Labor (p. 570)
Organization created by Samuel Gompers in 1886 that coordinated the activities of craft unions and called for direct negotiation with employers in order to achieve benefits for skilled workers.
Andrew Carnegie (p. 544)
Shrewd business genius, poor Scottish immigrant, surpassed competitors with salesmanship and technology, vertical integration
Gustavus Swift (p. 547)
Meat-packing industry as a result of refrigerated cars
John D. Rockefeller (p. 547)
Took charge of oil refinery process using technologies, able to get rebates from railroad companies and cut prices to force rival companies out, retired with $900 million
Henry George (p. 565)
Writer and activist. Best selling non-fiction book. Blamed social problems on monopolists power over land prices.
Terence Powderly (p. 567)
Leader of the Knights of Labor
Leonora Barry (p. 567)
Only Woman to hold natioanl office in Knights of Labor. She furthered progress of woman's Rights.
Samuel Gompers (p. 570)
Founded American Federation of Labor. During World War I, Gompers and the AFL openly supported the war effort, attempting to avoid strikes and boost morale while raising wage rates and expanding membership.
