Psyc 101 Final

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62 Terms

1

Nature and Nurture

The debate and relationship between genetics (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) on individual development.

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2

Genotype

The genetic material an individual inherits from their parents.

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3

Phenotype

The observable expression of an individual's genotype; includes traits such as appearance and behavior.

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4

Environment

Every aspect of the individual and their surroundings that can influence development.

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5

Behavior Genetics

The study of the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to behavior and development.

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6

Genetic Nurture

How parental genotype contributes to the child's environment, influencing the child's phenotype.

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7

Epigenetics

The study of how environmental factors can alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.

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8

Dominant-Recessive Patterns

Patterns that describe how certain traits are passed based on the dominant or recessive genes.

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9

Bioecological Model

A framework describing how different environmental systems interact to influence child development.

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10

Chromosomes

Structures within cells that contain DNA and the genetic blueprint for an organism.

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11

Genetic Diversity

Variations in gene frequencies that occur due to random assortment, crossing over, and mutations.

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12

MAOA gene

A gene that regulates neurotransmitters and is associated with aggression, influenced by environmental factors.

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13

Imprinting

A behavior seen in some animal species where newborns follow the first moving object they see, aiding survival.

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14

Parental Investment Theory

An evolutionary theory that explains parental behaviors aimed at ensuring offspring survival.

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15

Microsystem

The immediate environment that directly influences an individual, such as family, school, and peers.

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16

Mesosystem

The connections among various microsystems that impact a child's development.

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17

Exosystem

Environmental settings that indirectly affect an individual's development, such as community resources.

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18

Macrosystem

The larger social and cultural context in which all other systems are embedded.

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19

Chronosystem

The historical changes that influence other systems and aspects of development over time.

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20

Socrates and the Slave Boy

This concept demonstrates that even an uneducated child possesses innate knowledge, reinforcing that babies know more than we might assume

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21

Plato

Nature

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22

Aristotle

Nurture

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23

John Locke

Mind is a blank state, knowledge comes from experience (nurture)

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24

Deferred Imitation

The ability of infants to imitate a behavior observed previously, even when the model is no longer present

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25

Perceptual Narrowing

The process wherein infants become less sensitive to stimuli that are not commonly experienced, improving their ability to recognize familiar stimuli.

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26

Species-Specific Recognition Hypothesis

The idea that infants develop the ability to distinguish human faces as they grow, particularly within the first 9 months.

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27

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed

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28

A-not-B Error

The tendency of infants to search for an object in a previously successful location rather than the most recent hiding place.

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29

Violation of Expectation Method

A research technique used to determine what infants know about the world based on their reactions to unexpected outcomes.

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30

Synaptogenesis

The process of forming new synapses in the brain, which occurs during both infancy and adolescence.

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31

Teratogens

agents that can cause malformation or abnormal development of an embryo or fetus (alcohol)

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32

Inhibition

Not acting on our impulsive thoughts or desires

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33

Example of Discontinuous

Piaget Stages

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34
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35

Sticky mittens outcome

Kids realize that they have goals and that other people can have goals too

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36

preferential looking

a method used to infer a baby’s preferences by observing their looking behavior towards different stimuli

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37

macrosystem

broader society/laws

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38

exosystem

influence of environments external to the child such as parent’s workplace

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39

meosystem

interconnections among immediate systems (family/school)

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40

microsystem

immediate environments impacting behavior (family, peers)

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41

Assimilation

incorporating new information

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42

Accomodating

Modifying existing schemas

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43

How do kids learn best from drawings

Black and white sketches

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44

Essentialism

The belief that things have inherent values that cannot be changed

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45

Theory of mind

the ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives different from one's own.

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46

Holophrastic Speech

a single word that expresses a complete thought, often used by young children in early language development. “Milk!”

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47

Telegraphic Speech

Two-word utterances that convey meaning and follow basic grammatical rules (ex. "want cookie" or "go park.”)

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48

1940s parenting style

Characterized by strict discipline and high expectations, often emphasizing obedience and conformity over emotional support. Behaviorist approach.

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49

Harlow Monkey Experiment

Challenged behaviorist perspective by demonstrating the importance of emotional support over just basic needs in development.

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50

Discrete Emotions Theory

All humans experience the same small number of emotions, emotions are innate, emotions in bins

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51

Functionalist approach on emotions

Emotions are influenced by context shaped by the environment

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52

Growth mindset pop science

The idea that growth mindsets might be having the opposite effect as it ignores societal factors and systemic issues affecting individual potential.

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53

TOM pop science

Theory of Mind, which refers to the ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives different from one's own.

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54

intermodal perception

The ability to integrate information from different sensory modalities, such as sight and sound, to form a coherent understanding of the environment.

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55

People with autism tend to look at what?

Hands and mouth

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56

superordinate

mammal or animal, general categories

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57

subordinate

particular types of something, name of dog breeds

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58

neurogenesis

generating neurons, happens in adolescence and adulthood

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59

synaptogenesis

most of it happens during early childhood

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60

synaptic pruning

the process of eliminating excess synapses in the brain to improve efficiency of neural connections, primarily occurring in childhood and adolescence. Starts from the back of the brain

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61

Myelination

?????

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62
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