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Nature and Nurture
The debate and relationship between genetics (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) on individual development.
Genotype
The genetic material an individual inherits from their parents.
Phenotype
The observable expression of an individual's genotype; includes traits such as appearance and behavior.
Environment
Every aspect of the individual and their surroundings that can influence development.
Behavior Genetics
The study of the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to behavior and development.
Genetic Nurture
How parental genotype contributes to the child's environment, influencing the child's phenotype.
Epigenetics
The study of how environmental factors can alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.
Dominant-Recessive Patterns
Patterns that describe how certain traits are passed based on the dominant or recessive genes.
Bioecological Model
A framework describing how different environmental systems interact to influence child development.
Chromosomes
Structures within cells that contain DNA and the genetic blueprint for an organism.
Genetic Diversity
Variations in gene frequencies that occur due to random assortment, crossing over, and mutations.
MAOA gene
A gene that regulates neurotransmitters and is associated with aggression, influenced by environmental factors.
Imprinting
A behavior seen in some animal species where newborns follow the first moving object they see, aiding survival.
Parental Investment Theory
An evolutionary theory that explains parental behaviors aimed at ensuring offspring survival.
Microsystem
The immediate environment that directly influences an individual, such as family, school, and peers.
Mesosystem
The connections among various microsystems that impact a child's development.
Exosystem
Environmental settings that indirectly affect an individual's development, such as community resources.
Macrosystem
The larger social and cultural context in which all other systems are embedded.
Chronosystem
The historical changes that influence other systems and aspects of development over time.
Socrates and the Slave Boy
This concept demonstrates that even an uneducated child possesses innate knowledge, reinforcing that babies know more than we might assume
Plato
Nature
Aristotle
Nurture
John Locke
Mind is a blank state, knowledge comes from experience (nurture)
Deferred Imitation
The ability of infants to imitate a behavior observed previously, even when the model is no longer present
Perceptual Narrowing
The process wherein infants become less sensitive to stimuli that are not commonly experienced, improving their ability to recognize familiar stimuli.
Species-Specific Recognition Hypothesis
The idea that infants develop the ability to distinguish human faces as they grow, particularly within the first 9 months.
Object Permanence
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed
A-not-B Error
The tendency of infants to search for an object in a previously successful location rather than the most recent hiding place.
Violation of Expectation Method
A research technique used to determine what infants know about the world based on their reactions to unexpected outcomes.
Synaptogenesis
The process of forming new synapses in the brain, which occurs during both infancy and adolescence.
Teratogens
agents that can cause malformation or abnormal development of an embryo or fetus (alcohol)
Inhibition
Not acting on our impulsive thoughts or desires
Example of Discontinuous
Piaget Stages
Sticky mittens outcome
Kids realize that they have goals and that other people can have goals too
preferential looking
a method used to infer a baby’s preferences by observing their looking behavior towards different stimuli
macrosystem
broader society/laws
exosystem
influence of environments external to the child such as parent’s workplace
meosystem
interconnections among immediate systems (family/school)
microsystem
immediate environments impacting behavior (family, peers)
Assimilation
incorporating new information
Accomodating
Modifying existing schemas
How do kids learn best from drawings
Black and white sketches
Essentialism
The belief that things have inherent values that cannot be changed
Theory of mind
the ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives different from one's own.
Holophrastic Speech
a single word that expresses a complete thought, often used by young children in early language development. “Milk!”
Telegraphic Speech
Two-word utterances that convey meaning and follow basic grammatical rules (ex. "want cookie" or "go park.”)
1940s parenting style
Characterized by strict discipline and high expectations, often emphasizing obedience and conformity over emotional support. Behaviorist approach.
Harlow Monkey Experiment
Challenged behaviorist perspective by demonstrating the importance of emotional support over just basic needs in development.
Discrete Emotions Theory
All humans experience the same small number of emotions, emotions are innate, emotions in bins
Functionalist approach on emotions
Emotions are influenced by context shaped by the environment
Growth mindset pop science
The idea that growth mindsets might be having the opposite effect as it ignores societal factors and systemic issues affecting individual potential.
TOM pop science
Theory of Mind, which refers to the ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives different from one's own.
intermodal perception
The ability to integrate information from different sensory modalities, such as sight and sound, to form a coherent understanding of the environment.
People with autism tend to look at what?
Hands and mouth
superordinate
mammal or animal, general categories
subordinate
particular types of something, name of dog breeds
neurogenesis
generating neurons, happens in adolescence and adulthood
synaptogenesis
most of it happens during early childhood
synaptic pruning
the process of eliminating excess synapses in the brain to improve efficiency of neural connections, primarily occurring in childhood and adolescence. Starts from the back of the brain
Myelination
?????