Immigration/Urbanization

Emigrants

People who move out of their native country and settle permanently in a new country

Push Factors

Factors/reasons why people move out of their native country

Bad conditions

What disgusts them

Pull Factors

Factors/reasons why people move into a new country Opportunities

What attracts them

Steerage

Cheapest tickets on a boat

Cramped, noisy quarters on the lower decks

Third class

Large open space at the bottom of the ship where people in steerage would stay

First and second

class passengers

The Statue of Liberty

Welcome people to the country, opposite of the colossus

A gift from FranceRepresented hope for a better life

Old Colossus vs. New Colossus

The old colossus looked threatening while the new colossus (statue of liberty) looked welcoming

Old colossus

Greece

While the ancient statue served as a warning to potential enemies, the new statue’s name, torch, and position on the eastern shore of the United States all signal her status as a protector of exiles.

Emma Lazarus

Made “The New Colossus” poem

Was a poet and volunteered to help immigrants who were coming to the U.S.

Asked to help create a fundraiser to build a pedestal for the statue of liberty

“The New Colossus”

The poem for the statue of liberty

Written by Emma Lazarus

The poem welcomed people into the country

“Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame”

"Give me your tired, your poor”

Angel Island

San Francisco Bay, California

Long time for processing; could take up to years in order to pass through the gates

About 11%-30% of immigrants passed

Ellis Island

New York

Strict medical exams^ health issue(s) / condition(s) = sent back to country

Many people were sent back due to the medical exam

Working conditions

Squished

Tight

Dirty

Unsanitary

Sweatshops

Work long hours in poor conditions, substandard pay, and long hours

For unskilled workers

Why work in sweatshops

The language was a barrier

Most immigrants had different jobs than those in America (potato farming)

No choice to work in conditions because of desperation

Living conditions

Small

Cramped

Not suitable

Lack of storage

Tenements

Overcrowded, cheap apartments without hot water or good indoor plumbing

Rundown and not really suitable for living

No established sanitary measures yet

Slums

Poor, rundown neighborhoods in cities that were usually unsanitary and unhealthy

Enclaves

Communities surrounded by people of the same background and culture (concentrated of people of the same tradition)

Advantages of enclaves

Able to communicate

Comfortable

Share the same background and culture

No prejudice

Disadvantages of enclaves

Become less understanding of other cultures

Establish more racism and prejudice = no diversity

Anti sentiments, easily able to target groups when they are all concentrated

Isolated to be a target

Assimilation

To make people (specifically, immigrants) more American

Lose culture to become American

Abandon native language and tradition

Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl

Melting pot = people lose identity to become unified and one thing

Culture swirled together

Salad Bowl = lots of identities and backgrounds, but prone to discrimination and racism

Culture separated

Advantages of Melting Pot theory

Unite people

No discrimination

Better communication

Disadvantages of Melting Pot theory

Give up some aspects of culture to combine

Advantages of Salad Bowl theory

Everyone gets to keep their own culture

Practice different cultures

More multi

Disadvantages of Salad Bowl theory

Roots racist sentiments

Miscommunication

Prone to discrimination

Able to target hatred towards larger communities

Nativism

The idea that original people are better than immigrants

Superior

Stereotype

Fixed idea of an image of a group of people

Why do some Americans have stereotypes

Working conditions are good so less money = looking poorer

Management can pay less than Americans who are in unions so many managements hired immigrants

Blamed for unemployment

“Brought” poverty, diseases, and misfortune

Old Immigrants vs. New Immigrants

Old immigrants

Arrived before the mid

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Exclude Chinese

Stopped workers from entering the US

Lasted 10 years

Extended for another 10 years

Later required Chinese people to carry ID or be deported

Gentlemen’s Agreement

Agreement between US and Japan

Japan stop issuing passports to emigrants except for certain businesses

US had to fairly treat Japanese already in the US (schools were segregated)

Immigration Act of 1917

Literacy test for 16 years and older

Tried to stop immigration from parts of Asia

Suburbs

Places outside of cities

Mark Twain

Wrote a book about the Gilded Age

The Gilded Age

Gold, rich people on the outside, wood, poor people on the inside

Settlement houses

Help poor residents

Jane Addams

MOST FAMOUS SETTLEMENT HOUSE

Settlement house owner

Hull House

Skyscraper

Build up not out

Tall buildings reinforced with iron

Agricultural to Industrial society changes

No farm work

More extra time for parents (farm had to wake early)

Parents and children barely saw each other

Families were busy

Education

The belief is that nation progress if people get schooling

More time away from parents = education

Education was more available, accessible, and inclusive

Land grant colleges

Schools that were built through funds

Morrill Act - States got land to sell for education

Entertainment

More leisure time

A cluster of people = more entertainment

Art

Music

Entertainment was more available and popular, brought from all over the world like European art (ballet) and diverse (more forms of entertainment