Immigration/Urbanization 

$Emigrants$

• People who move out of their native country and settle permanently in a new country

$Push Factors$

• Factors/reasons why people move out of their native country
• Bad conditions
• What disgusts them

$Pull Factors$

• Factors/reasons why people move into a new country
• Opportunities
• What attracts them

$Steerage$

• Cheapest tickets on a boat 
• Cramped, noisy quarters on the lower decks

$Third class$

• Large open space at the bottom of the ship where people in steerage would stay

$First and second-class passengers$

• Stayed in staterooms and cabins

$The Statue of Liberty$

• Welcome people to the country
• Opposite of the colossus 
• Gift from France
• Represented hope for a better life

$Old Colossus vs. New Colossus$

• The old colossus looked threatening while the new colossus (statue of liberty) looked welcoming

• Old colossus - Greece

• While the ancient statue served as a warning to potential enemies, the new statue’s name, torch, and position on the eastern shore of the United States all signal her status as a protector of exiles.

$Emma Lazarus$

• Made “The New Colossus” poem
• Was a poet and volunteered to help immigrants who were coming to the U.S
• Asked to help create a fundraiser to build a pedestal for the statue of liberty

$“The New Colossus”$

• The poem for the statue of liberty
• Written by Emma Lazarus
• The poem welcomed people into the country
• “Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame”
• “Give me your tired, your poor”

$Angel Island$

• San Francisco Bay, California
• Long time for processing; could take up to years in order to pass through the gates
• About 11% - 30% of people were sent back to their country
• This caused immigrants to lose hope due to long wait and poor living conditions before getting into the country

$Ellis Island$

• New York 
• Strict medical exams 

^ health issue(s) / condition(s) = sent back to country

• Many people were sent back due to the medical exam

$Working conditions$

• Squished
• Tight
• Dirty
• Unsanitary

$Sweatshops$

• Work long hours in poor conditions, substandard pay, and long hours
• For unskilled workers

$Why work in sweatshops$

• The language was a barrier
• Most immigrants had different jobs than those in America (potato farming)
• No choice to work in conditions because of desperation - many immigrants were attracted to the industrial factories in North
  • Management took advantage
  • Different language = no collective bargaining
• Many immigrants who were lower-class citizens had no money to pay for land

$Living conditions$

• Small
• Cramped
• Not suitable
• Lack of storage

$Tenements$

• Overcrowded, cheap apartments without hot water or good indoor plumbing
• Rundown and not really suitable for living
• No established sanitary measures yet

$Slums$

• Poor, rundown neighborhoods in cities that were usually unsanitary and unhealthy

$Enclaves$

• Communities surrounded by people of the same background and culture (concentrated of people of the same tradition)

$Advantages of enclaves$

• Able to communicate
• Comfortable
• Share the same background and culture
• No prejudice

$Disadvantages of enclaves$

• Isolated to be a target
• Become less understanding of other cultures
• Establish more racism and prejudice = no diversity
• Anti sentiments, easily able to target groups when they are all concentrated

$Assimilation$

• To make people (specifically, immigrants) more American
• Lose culture to become American
• Abandon native language and tradition

$Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl$

• Melting pot = people lose identity to become unified and one thing
  • Culture swirled together
• Salad Bowl = lots of identities and backgrounds, but prone to discrimination and racism
  • Culture separated

$Advantages of Melting Pot theory$

• Unite people
• No discrimination
• Better communication

$Disadvantages of Melting Pot theory$

• Give up some aspects of culture to combine

$Advantages of Salad Bowl theory$

• Everyone gets to keep their own culture
• Practice different cultures
• More multi-cultural awareness

$Disadvantages of Salad Bowl theory$

• Roots racist sentiments
• Miscommunication
• Prone to discrimination
• Able to target hatred towards larger communities

$Nativism$

• The idea that original people are better than immigrants
• Superior

$Stereotype$

• Fixed idea of an image of a group of people

$Why do some Americans have stereotypes$

• Working conditions are good so less money = looking poorer
• Management can pay less than Americans who are in unions so many managements hired immigrants
  • Blamed for unemployment
• “Brought” poverty, diseases, and misfortune

$Old Immigrants vs. New Immigrants$

• Old immigrants
  • Arrived before the mid-1800s
  • Came from Northern and Western Europe
  • Christian
  • England, Spain, France, Portugal
  • Challenges:
  • Building everything from scratch
• New immigrants
  • Arrive in the mid-1800s
  • Southern and Eastern Europe
  • Catholic, Jews, Orthodox
  • Italy, Ireland, Greece, Hungary
  • Challenges:
  • Faced unwanted sentiments because they were culturally different \n

$Chinese Exclusion Act of 18812$

• Exclude Chinese
• Stopped workers from entering the US
• Lasted 10 years
• Extended for another 10 years
• Later required Chinese people to carry ID or be deported

$Gentlemen’s Agreement$

• Agreement between US and Japan
• Japan stop issuing passports to emigrants except for certain businesses
• US had to fairly treat Japanese already in the US (schools were segregated)

$Immigration Act of 1917$

• Literacy test for 16 years and older
• Tried to stop immigration from parts of Asia

$Suburbs$

• Places outside of cities

$Mark Twain$

• Wrote a book about the Gilded Age

$The Gilded Age$

• Gold, rich people on the outside, wood, poor people on the inside

$Settlement houses$

• Help poor residents

$Jane Addams$

• MOST FAMOUS SETTLEMENT HOUSE

• Settlement house owner

• Hull House

$Skyscraper$

• Build up not out
• Tall buildings reinforced with iron

$Agricultural to Industrial society changes$

• No farm work
• More extra time for parents (farm had to wake early)
• Parents and children barely saw each other
• Families were busy

$Education$

• The belief is that nation progress if people get schooling
• More time away from parents = education
• Education was more available, accessible, and inclusive

$Land grant colleges$

• Schools that were built through funds
• Morrill Act
  • States got land to sell for education

$Entertainment$

• More leisure time
• A cluster of people = more entertainment
• Art
• Music
• Entertainment was more available and popular, brought from all over the world like European art (ballet) and diverse (more forms of entertainment)