AP Lang Final Study Guide

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154 Terms

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SPACE CAT?

SPACE for introduction, CAT for effective commentary in rhetorical analysis; Speaker, Purpose, Audience, Context, Exigence, rhetorical Choices, persuasive Appeals, Tone Task Tie to Thesis.

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Speaker

The person who wrote or said the text, including information about their background and how it may impact the meaning of the text.

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Purpose

The goal or intention of the speaker in creating the text, such as to inform, persuade, inspire, or entertain.

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Audience

The intended and actual audience of the text, and how the speaker's assumptions about the audience may influence the content and delivery of the text.

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Context

The historical and cultural background in which the text was produced, including the issues and events that may have influenced the speaker's message.

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Exigence

The catalyst or spark that prompted the speaker to create the text, often tied to a specific event or series of events.

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Rhetorical Choices

The deliberate choices made by the speaker in terms of language, style, and tone to achieve a specific effect or purpose.

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Persuasive Appeals

The use of ethos (credibility), pathos (emotion), logos (logic), and kairos (timing) to influence the audience's response to the text.

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Tone

The author's attitude towards the subject, conveyed through their choice of words and language.

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Task

The specific goal or objective that the author and audience are working towards through the text.

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Tie to Thesis

How the rhetorical choices made by the author support and reinforce the main argument or thesis of the text.

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DIDLS?

Diction, Imagery, Details, language, Syntax

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Diction

The author's word choice, including the denotation and connotation of words, phrases, and figurative language.

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Imagery

The use of figurative language to appeal to the senses and create vivid mental images.

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Details

Specific facts and information that bring characters, settings, and situations to life in the text.

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Language

The entire body of words used in the text, including vocabulary, syntax, and style.

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Syntax

The sentence structure and organization of words to create meaning and convey the author's message.

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Assertion, Evidence, Commentary (AEC)

The pattern used in body paragraphs of argumentative essays, where the author makes a claim, provides evidence to support it, and offers commentary to explain the significance of the evidence.

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Accumulation

A list of words or ideas that share a common quality, used to build meaning and emphasize a point.

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Example of Accumulation

itsy-bitsy teeny-weeny yellow polka-dot bikini

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Allegory

The use of extended metaphor throughout a narrative to equate objects, persons, and actions with meanings outside of the text.

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Alliteration

The repetition of the same sound at the beginning of successive words to enhance memory retention, add emphasis, or create rhythm.

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Anaphora

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines for emphasis.

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Allusion

A brief, indirect reference to a person, place, or literary work, real or fictional.

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Allusion example

chocolate was her Achilles' heel

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Analogy

A comparison between two different ideas or things to explain or give meaning to a complex idea by comparing it to something familiar.

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Analogy Example

atom's structure is like Solar System, nucleus is the Sun, electrons are planets revolving

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Anecdote

A short narrative or account of an interesting incident used to illustrate or support a point.

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Antithesis

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases or clauses for rhetorical effect.

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Example of Antithesis

"you're easy on the eyes and hard on the heart"

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Aristotelian Triangle

The connection between the speaker, audience, and topic in a text.

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Asyndeton

The omission of conjunctions between a series of words, phrases, or clauses for a specific effect.

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asyndeton example

"are all their conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, shrunk to this little measure?"

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Audience

The listener, viewer, or reader of the text.

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Apostrophe

When a speaker directly addresses someone or something that is not present.

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Apostrophe example

Macbeth talking to his dagger, Romeo talking to death

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Antonomasia

The use of an epithet or phrase in place of a proper name, often as a kind of metonymy.

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Antonomasia example

"The Bard" to mean Shakespeare

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Appositive

A noun or noun phrase that follows and provides information about another noun or noun phrase.

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Chiasmus

The repetition of words, grammatical constructions, or concepts in reverse order for rhetorical effect.

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Chiasmus example

"Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate" -JFK

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Connotation

The use of a word to suggest a different association than its literal meaning.

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Dependent Clause

A phrase that has become disconnected from the main clause and cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

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Diction

The author's word choice, including metaphors, similes, personification, and hyperbole.

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Example of Diction

metaphors, similes, personification, hyperbole

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Ethos

The credibility and reputation of the author or speaker as a reliable source of information.

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Epizeuxis

The repetition of words or phrases in quick succession for emphasis.

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epizeuxis example

alone, alone, all, all, alone

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Evidence

Facts, statistics, examples, expert statements, and other sources used to support an argument.

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Exemplification

The use of specific instances or examples to clarify a point or persuade the audience.

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Exemplification example

we have a close family; we have weekly Sunday dinne

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Exigence

The issue, problem, or situation that prompted the speaker to write or speak.

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Epistrophe

The repetition of the same word or

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Epistrophe example

gov of the people, by the people, for the people

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Fallacy

a failure in reasoning that renders an argument invalid

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Slippery slope

The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but there’s really not enough evidence for that assumption.

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Post hoc ergo propter hoc

“After this, therefore, because of this” fallacy is the assumption that because B comes after A, A caused B. But sometimes, two events that seem related aren’t really related as cause and effect; correlation isn’t the same as causation.

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Red herring

Partway through an argument, the arguer goes off on a tangent, raising a side issue that distracts the audience from what’s really at stake.

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Figurative Language

the use of words in a way that deviates from the conventional order and meaning in order to convey a complicated meaning, colorful writing, clarity, or evocative comparison

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Rhetorical Analysis

The process of examining the strategies and techniques used by a speaker or writer to convey their message effectively.

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Accumulation

A list of words or ideas which embody similar abstract/physical qualities or meanings; the words/ideas are listed together to build meaning because of their shared quality.

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Allegory

The rhetorical strategy of extending a metaphor through an entire narrative so that objects, persons, and actions in the text are equated with meanings that lie outside the text.

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Allusion

A brief, usually indirect reference to a person, place, or literary work - real or fictional.

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Analogy

A comparison between ideas or things that are quite different from one another; its goal is to explain/give meaning to a more complex idea or thing by comparing it to something familiar.

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Apostrophe

When a speaker directly addresses someone or something that isn't present.

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Chiasmus

A rhetorical term in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order and in the same form or a modified form.

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Euphemism

An inoffensive expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or harsh.

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Hyperbole

Exaggeration and overstatement for emphasis and effect.

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Hypophora

A figure of speech in which the speaker poses a rhetorical question and then answers the question.

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Imagery

The use of figurative language to appeal to the senses; helps convey tone & style.

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Juxtaposition

A literary technique in which 2 or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts.

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Independant clause

a group of words that could be a complete sentence all by itself

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Logos

an appeal to logic/way of persuading with reason, using facts and figures

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Litotes

an ironic understatement that expresses a positive sentence using its negative form in order to emphasize an idea/situation, rather than minimizing its importance

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Litotes example

you won't be sorry

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Language

entire body of words in a text

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Metaphor

Compares one thing to another; X is Y.

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Metonymy

When a word associated with/related to something is used to refer to that thing.

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Metonomy example

"crown" for "king/queen/monarchy"

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Occasion

time and place

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Oxymoron

contradiction; two contradictory terms or ideas used together

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Oxymoron example

"parting is such sweet sorrow" "jumbo shrimp"

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parallelism

a device in which grammatically, structurally, aurally, or semantically similar components are used throughout.a sentence or passage to create balance

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parallelism example

"I've done some good, offered some service, shed some light, healed some wounds..."

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Pathos

an appeal to emotion; a way of convincing the audience of an argument by creating an emotional response

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Pleonasm

the use of redundant words within a phrase to emphasize an idea

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Pleonasm example

burning fire

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persona

"mask" the face, role, or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience

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Personification

the attribution of human characteristics to something nonhuman

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Personification example

leaves danced across the yard

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Polysyndeton

a technique in which conjunctions (and, but, or) are used repeatedly in quick succession, often with no commas, even when the conjunctions could be removed

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Polysyndeton example

we have ships and men and money and stores

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Pun

a play on words in which a homophone is repeated but used in a different sense

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Pun example

"You have dancing shoes / With nimble soles. I have a soul of lead." -Romeo

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Purpose

speaker’s goal

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repetition

the repeating of a word or phrase

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rhetoric

the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing; “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion” -Aristotle

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Rhetorical question

a written question which expects no answer; used to make points, persuade, and get audience thinking

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Simile

compare two things using the words “like,” “as,” or “than”

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spatial order

when you explain or describe objects as they are arranged around you in your space