Chemistry[Alkanes]

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32 Terms

1

What are alkanes?

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms.

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2

General formula of alkanes

The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2.

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3

First member of the alkane series

The first member is methane (CH4).

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4

What is the boiling point trend in alkanes?

Boiling points of alkanes increase with increasing molecular size due to greater van der Waals forces.

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5

What is the structure of alkanes?

Alkanes have a tetrahedral structure around each carbon atom with bond angles of approximately 109.5 degrees.

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6

What are isomers in alkanes?

Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

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7

Example of an alkane isomer

Butane (C4H10) has two isomers: n-butane and isobutane.

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8

What is the significance of branched alkanes?

Branched alkanes have lower boiling points than their straight-chain counterparts.

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9

What are cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes are alkanes with a ring structure; their general formula is CnH2n.

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10

Example of a cycloalkane

Cyclopropane (C3H6) is the simplest cycloalkane.

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11

Reactivity of alkanes

Alkanes are relatively unreactive but can undergo combustion and free radical substitution.

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12

What is combustion in alkanes?

Combustion is the process of burning alkanes in the presence of oxygen, producing CO2 and H2O.

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13

Complete combustion of alkanes

Complete combustion occurs with sufficient oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water.

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14

Incomplete combustion of alkanes

Incomplete combustion occurs with insufficient oxygen, producing carbon monoxide and/or soot.

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15

What is free radical substitution?

Free radical substitution is a reaction where hydrogen atoms in alkanes are replaced by halogen atoms.

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16

Initiation step in free radical substitution

The initiation step involves the formation of free radicals, often by UV light.

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17

Propagation step in free radical substitution

Propagation steps involve free radicals reacting with alkanes and halogens.

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18

Termination step in free radical substitution

Termination steps involve the combination of two free radicals, forming a stable product.

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19

What is cracking?

Cracking is the process of breaking down larger alkanes into smaller alkanes and alkenes.

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20

What is catalytic cracking?

Catalytic cracking uses a catalyst to increase the rate of reaction and produce shorter-chain alkanes.

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21

What is thermal cracking?

Thermal cracking uses high temperatures and pressures to break down large alkanes.

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22

How are alkanes tested for unsaturation?

Alkanes can be tested for unsaturation using bromine water; they do not decolorize it.

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23

What is the stability of alkanes?

Alkanes are more stable than alkenes due to the saturated nature of their bonds.

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24

What are the uses of alkanes?

Alkanes are used as fuels, lubricating oils, and solvents.

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25

Alkanes and health considerations

Higher alkanes can be harmful as they may include compounds that can cause respiratory issues.

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26

What is the significance of bond enthalpy in alkanes?

The bond enthalpy is the measure of bond strength; alkanes have high C–C and C–H bond strengths.

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27

What role do alkanes play in petrochemicals?

Alkanes serve as feedstock for the production of other chemicals through various processes.

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28

What is the main source of alkanes?

Alkanes are mainly sourced from natural gas and crude oil.

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29

What is the density trend for alkanes?

The density of alkanes generally increases with increasing molecular weight.

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30

What is the solubility of alkanes in water?

Alkanes are generally insoluble in water due to their nonpolar nature.

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31

Physical state of lower alkanes

Lower alkanes (C1-C4) are gases at room temperature.

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32

Physical state of higher alkanes

Higher alkanes (C5+) are usually liquids or solids at room temperature.

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