Cellular Organelles, Anatomical Terms, and Bone Fractures - Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards to review organelles, basic anatomical terminology, planes, and common bone fracture types discussed in the lecture.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which fuels cellular processes.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; the cell's main energy currency produced by mitochondria.

Nucleus

Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA); site of genetic information storage and regulation.

Nucleolus

Region within the nucleus that assembles ribosomes (ribosomal RNA synthesis).

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like interior of the cell where organelles are suspended; contains cytosol.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosome-studded ER that synthesizes proteins destined for membranes and secretion.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

ER lacking ribosomes; synthesizes lipids/steroids and participates in detoxification.

Golgi apparatus

Stacks that modify, sort, and package proteins for secretion or delivery inside the cell.

Lysosome

Digestive organelle that breaks down waste and cellular debris.

Peroxisome

Breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances; reduces oxidative stress.

Vacuole

Storage sac for nutrients and water within the cell.

Vesicle

Small membrane-bound sac that transports materials within the cell.

Anatomical position

Standard reference posture: standing upright, feet forward, arms at sides, palms forward.

Ventral (anterior)

Front surface of the body.

Dorsal (posterior)

Back surface of the body.

Anterior

Front of the body; equivalent to ventral.

Posterior

Back of the body; equivalent to dorsal.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline; toward the sides.

Proximal

Closer to the point of origin or attachment.

Distal

Farther from the point of origin or attachment.

Sagittal plane

Plane that divides the body into right and left portions along the midline.

Transverse plane

Plane that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts.

Coronal plane

Plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

Humerus

Bone of the upper arm.

Radius

Forearm bone on the thumb side; lateral in the anatomical position.

Ulna

Forearm bone on the pinky side; medial in the anatomical position.

Transverse fracture

Fracture that runs perpendicular to the shaft of the bone (90 degrees to long axis).

Oblique fracture

Fracture that breaks the bone at an angle to its axis.

Greenstick fracture

Incomplete fracture common in children; bending with partial crack on one side.

Spiral fracture

Fracture that twists around the bone (corkscrew pattern); often from twisting injuries.

Nightstick fracture

Isolated fracture of the ulna (forearm) with radius intact, typically from a blow.

Comminuted fracture

Bone shattered into three or more pieces; usually requires surgical repair.

Open (compound) fracture

Bone protrudes through the skin; high infection risk and possible fat embolism.

Pathological fracture

Fracture caused by disease (e.g., cancer, osteoporosis) rather than trauma.

Stress fracture

Fracture from repetitive stress; Jones fracture is a common example in the fifth metatarsal.

Jones fracture

Fracture of the fifth metatarsal; associated with repetitive stress in dancers/gymnasts.

Compression fracture

Vertebral fracture due to bone demineralization (osteopenia/osteoporosis) or minor trauma.