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Greek Culture Influence on Romans
Hellenistic culture influence
Greek mathematical and scientific knowledge
Concept of democracy (adapted in roman politics)
Greek Mythology (Latin names)
Greek Art and Architecture
Roman Art
Marble and bronze sculptures of famous leaders
Coulums in their building design
Focused on clothed, realistic portrayals
Rome Mythological Origins
Romulus and Remus myth highlights Roman belief in myths and gods.
Rome Historical Origins
Rome developed from settlements along the Tiber River.
Transition from monarchy to the Roman Republic in 509 BC after overthrowing the Etruscans.
Republic
A form of government in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions for them
Roman Republic
Senate composed of consuls, patricians, and tribunes.
Consuls: Highest stature, elected for one-year terms, two consuls to prevent autocracy.
Patricians: Aristocracy, landowners, served for life, advised consuls.
Plebeians: Working class, elected tribunes to represent them.
Citizenship and Legal Rights
Citizenship granted legal protection, voting rights, and property ownership.
Only land-owning males could vote.
Slaves and women had limited or no rights.
Slaves had no rights or representation.
Women could not vote or hold public office but could own property, practice business, and obtain a divorce.
The Twelve Tables established legal equality for male citizens only and allowed for equal treatment before the law
Punic Wars (264 BC - 146 BC)
Rome fought Carthaginians for control of North Africa, Mediterranean islands, and Iberian Peninsula.
Control of important ports like Sicily and Carthage for Mediterranean trade monopoly.
Conquered areas received Roman Army protection and paid taxes.
Conquered people could gain citizenship by joining the army.
Roman Army adapted enemies' weapons, such as Hannibal's elephants and sarissa.
Political and social unrest due to plebeians losing property while serving in the army.
First Triumvirate
Formed by Marcus Licinius Crassus, Gaius Julius Caesar, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.
Triumvirate broke after Crassus's death; civil war ensued.
Julius Caesar became "dictator for life" in 45 BC, but was assassinated in 44 BC.
Second Triumvirate:
Formed by Gaius Octavian, Marc Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.
Octavian controlled the West, Marc Antony the East, and Lepidus Northern Africa.
Marc Antony's affair with Cleopatra caused conflict with Octavian.
Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra, leading to their suicides.
Octavian (Augustus)
Became the first Roman emperor in 27 BC.
Initiated the Pax Romana (27 BC - AD 180), a period of peace and prosperity.
Developed infrastructure (roads, aqueducts, sewage systems) and public services (baths, amphitheaters, circuses).
Juvenal: Bread and Circuses
Poet Juvenal criticized Roman citizens for prioritizing entertainment and free grain over politics and civic duty.
Great Fire in Rome
AD 64: Great fire in Rome; Emperor Nero blamed Christians to divert blame and distract from reconstruction costs.
End of Pax Romana
Series of power-hungry or unstable emperors.
Difficulties in controlling a vast empire and maintaining high costs.
Executions of potential rivals and persecution of Jews and Christians.
Empire eventually fell in AD 476.
Colosseum
Completed in AD 80, an architectural and engineering marvel.
Hosted gladiator games, animal fights, and staged naval battles.
Notable for its arched design.
Roman Polytheism
Influence: Romans were influenced by Greek culture; Roman gods had Latinized names.
Worship: Included spirits of nature (rivers, trees), household spirits, and family spirits.
Practices: Numerous rituals and festivals.
Judaism Origins
Began around 1812 BC with a covenant between Abraham and God.
Abraham moved to Israel, believed to be promised by God.
Exodus led by Moses from Egypt; received the Ten Commandments and the Torah at Mount Sinai.
Judaism in the Roman Empire
Initially allowed under Julius Caesar and Augustus.
AD 66: Jewish revolt in Judaea; Romans destroyed the sacred temple, beginning the Jewish diaspora.
Post AD 70: Jews had to pay a tax to practice their religion.
Christianity origins
Jesus of Nazareth born between 7 BC and AD 1.
Taught peace, justice, and salvation; appealed to the poor.
Executed by Romans around AD 32; believed by followers to be the Messiah.
Christianity in the Roman Empire:
Initially persecuted due to perceived threat to Roman authority.
AD 313: Edict of Milan by Emperor Constantine granted religious tolerance to Christians.
AD 380: Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.
Spread of Christianity
Apostle Paul’s Roman citizenship allowed free travel to spread teachings.
Common language (Latin) facilitated communication of Jesus’s teachings.
Legalization by Constantine and official adoption by Theodosius key to widespread adoption.
Summary of Polytheism, Judaism, Christianity
Polytheism: Dominant in Rome, influenced by Greek mythology with rituals and festivals.
Judaism: Monotheistic; faced revolts and diaspora under Roman rule, but continued to practice with restrictions.
Christianity: Emerged from Judaism; initially persecuted but later legalized and adopted as the official religion, spreading rapidly through the empire due to key figures, common language, and imperial support.
Fall of the Roman Empire: Political Causes
Division of the Empire: Diocletian split the empire into Eastern and Western regions in AD 285, weakening centralized control.
Constantine's Reforms: Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople in AD 330 and legalized Christianity, causing religious and political tensions.
Instability: Corruption, frequent assassinations, and civil wars led to weak leadership and loss of citizen trust.
Fall of the Roman Empire: Economic Causes
Resource Overextension: The vast size of the empire strained resources and finances, especially with continuous military expenditures.
Economic Decline: High unemployment, inflation, and military costs hurt the economy.
Dependence on Mercenaries: Reliance on non-loyal mercenaries from "Barbarian" tribes weakened military integrity.
Fall of the Roman Empire: Social Causes
Loss of Civic Pride: Political instability led to disengagement from civic duties and a focus on personal gain.
Cultural Shifts: The rise of Christianity caused internal divisions and challenged traditional Roman beliefs.
Barbarian Invasions: Constant invasions, such as by the Visigoths and Vandals, exposed and exploited the empire's vulnerabilities.
Impact of the Fall of the Roman Empire
After Rome fell, it broke into several different pieces.
The eastern part became the Byzantine Empire and flourished for another thousand years.
The western part would break up into multiple fiefs, or little kingdoms, which would usher in the feudal system and Europe's Dark Ages.
Language Influence
Latin influenced many European languages (Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese).
Latin roots in English words (e.g., "pre" in pre-order, pre-arrange).
Law and Government Influence
Introduction of the republic system where citizens elect representatives.
Modern governments inspired by Roman republican principles (e.g., USA).
Roman Senate and Twelve Tables influenced modern legislative and judicial systems.
Principles like equality before the law, trial by jury, and innocent until proven guilty.
Science, Engineering, and Architecture Influence
Julian Calendar (365 days, 12 months, months July and August named after Caesar).
Engineering feats: aqueducts, extensive road networks (50,000 miles by AD 200).
Architectural achievements: domes, perfected arches (e.g., Colosseum).
Art Influence
Pottery and sculpture influenced by Hellenism, used to promote leaders.
Coins used as both currency and propaganda.