Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
R.W Schufeldt
First described paleopathology in the footnotes of his work on trauma on bird bones. Unimportant because he was racist and kept naked photos of young women
B. O’connor
A lesser known early physician and paleopathologist, compared to J.F Esper. Gave proof of fused bones in a human spine. Important because he was a real scientist, providing descriptions and interpretations in his work
J.L Angels 4 scopes of paleopathology
Importance of semiology
Relationship between health state and past society
Relationship between demography and health
Study of growth and nutrition
J.A Bergonié
First to use radiology to heal
M.A Ruffer
Defines paleopathology after R.W Shufeldt as “science of disease which can be
demonstrated in human and animal remain from ancient time”
E.A Hooton
Has the first study at a populational level, linked chronology and frequency variation of disease(paleoepidemiological approach)
W. Röntgen
discovered X-rays and received the first nobel prize in physics
A.M Cormack and G. Hounsfield
invented the tomography
Paleoepidemiology
Study of ancient diseases in past populations to understand health patterns and causes of illnesses.
Integrative paleopathology
study of pathological context in the past, including health, society and environment. A study that is multi-disciplinary, encompassing human and animal remains.
Disease in paleopathology
an interruption, cessation or disorder of body functions, characterized usually by signs and symptoms or consistent anatomical alterations
Criteria of a “scientific” discipline
observation of facts
systematisation
objectivity
reproducibility
refutability
Semiology
signs
etiology
causes
Difference between primary and secondary sources when no bones in paleopathology
Recording forms
image of a skeleton that can be filled in to detail different elements examined in the field
Paleoimaging
methods producing images in an archaeological context
Paleohistology
Analysis of histological traces of pathological process on ancient bones remains
paleomicrobiology
Molecular detection of pathogens in ancient biological material
Paleoparasitology
an indirect source, finding parasites in remains such as textiles, soils, burials, mummies.
how did WW2 shape paleopathology
increase in:
interest of history
demographical and epidemiological concepts
clinical knowledge and practices
New archaeology concepts applied to paleopathology
going from the individual level to the populational level: transition from disease to health state
multi-disciplinarily: emphasis on the context around the pathology or population
limits in paleopathology
need for “superb” familiarity with bone/preserved tissue, as well as many other disciplines →requires many researchers
assumption in paleopathology that pathogens do not change how they affect with humans→pathologies more flexible than this
populations not remaining constant over time
Actualism
The comparison of past biological processes with present-day processes to understand ancient diseases.
skills of archaeology in paleopathology
importance of care for osteological remains, including:
record forms
safer excavation
recording lots of information
skills of Bio anthropologist in paleopathology
understanding of:
normal anatomical variations between human populations and during growth and aging
a biological profile
the conservation state
Skills of a pathologist in paleopathology
osteological tissue process
recognizing signs and translate them into syndromes
nosology of diseases
prevent-pseudo pathology
historical understanding of human-pathogen cohabitation
How will transdisciplinary practices help future problems
information about how disease worked in past can inform modern public health initiatives
understanding pathologies in the past can inform evolution of modern pathologies
can help preserve endangered species
excavating
on field process that needs a bioarcheologist and use of non-aggressive tools. “bag it, tag it, take elevation and measure”
Recording
on field process of making pictures, filing out recording forms, assessing disposition of every bone and artifact, the type of burial and MNI
Individual analysis
In lab process of examining the individual through imaging, histology, biological profile, lesions, syndromes and nosography
Radiography
radiation of excited molecules creates a 2d image. Is used in paleopathology to make an age at death estimation or assessment of pathological conditions
tomography
gets multiple slices of one volume
includes:
CT scan-used for mummies
Micro-CT- for higher precision
MRIs
MRI
magnet that excites the hydrogen atoms, helpful for retrospective diagnosis
3D imaging
provides volume in its imaging. Used in paleopatholgy to:
Virtually unwrap mummies
create 3D impression
Quantify lesions
Microstructure modification
Analysis of imprint of pathological non-conserved tissue
Global vision
In lab process:
frequency of expression
Raw prevalence
adjusted prevalence
by groups of nosology
frequency in the population
geography
cultural groups
chronology
Problems using paleohistology
thin sections
taphonomical alterations
fossilized bones
difficulties to see lack of mineralisation
Problems with paleomicrobiology
short and incomplete sequences
chemical modifications
PCR inhibitor
high risk of contamination
natural mummies
Occurs in:
frozen
peat bog
anaerobic or dry environments
Embalmed mummies
gives insight into funerary treatment
better conserved
usually someone who has achieved something
3 phases of decay
enzyme release: cells release destructive enzymes, liquifying body tissue. reaction rate can depend on temperature and pH
bacteria release: gut bacteria begin invading other tissue
entomological arrival: the smell of step 2 attracts insects based on geography and season
Iconographical sources
Visual sources like illustrations and artistic renderings that can aid in understanding ancient diseases and their treatments.
Medico-historical production
Reproductions of real-life anatomical figures or wax statues used to study ancient diseases.
Artistical iconography
Cave drawings or artistic representations that may not always clearly indicate diseases due to their abstract nature.