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Affiliation motivation

The drive to form and maintain social bonds with others.

Altruism

Selfless concern for the well-being of others, often leading to helping behaviors without expecting a reward.

Burnout

A state of emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion caused by prolonged stress, often related to work or caregiving.

Circadian rhythm

The body’s internal 24-hour clock that regulates sleep-wake cycles, hormone release, and other physiological processes.

Cognitive appraisal

The personal interpretation of a situation that influences how one responds emotionally and behaviorally.

Cognitive load

The amount of mental effort and working memory resources required to process information.

Growth mindset

The belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort, learning, and persistence.

Identity v. Role Confusion

Erikson’s psychosocial stage during adolescence where individuals explore and form their sense of self, or struggle with uncertainty about their identity.

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

The study of human behavior in workplaces to improve productivity, employee well-being, and organizational effectiveness.

Information processing (dreams)

The theory that dreaming helps the brain organize, consolidate, and make sense of experiences and memories.

Intrinsic v. Extrinsic motivation

Intrinsic motivation comes from internal satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards or pressures.

Learned helplessness

A mental state where individuals stop trying to escape or improve a negative situation due to repeated failures or lack of control.

Love and belonging - Maslow

A fundamental human need in Maslow’s hierarchy that involves forming meaningful relationships and feeling accepted by others.

Prosocial behaviors

Actions intended to benefit others, such as helping, sharing, or cooperating.

Self-determination theory

A psychological framework that emphasizes autonomy, competence, and relatedness as key to motivation and well-being.

Self-efficacy

The belief in one’s ability to successfully perform a task or achieve a goal.

Self-esteem

One’s overall sense of self-worth and personal value.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A belief or expectation that influences behavior in a way that causes the belief to come true.

Social comparison

Evaluating oneself in relation to others to assess personal abilities, opinions, or social status.

Stereotype

A generalized belief or assumption about a group of people that may not accurately reflect reality.

Stereotype threat

The anxiety or reduced performance experienced when individuals fear confirming a negative stereotype about their social group.