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agriculture
the process by which humans alter the landscape in order to grow crops and raise animals for consumption and trade
access to water, nutrients, layout of land
what physical factors affect agriculture? (3)
high latitudes, high elevations, high or low precipitation
what are rare exceptions for agriculture? (3)
development, access to technology
what depends on the ability to overcome agricultural challenges?
substinence agriculture
goals are to grow enough food and raise enough livestock to meet needs of family, sell or trade any surplus crops and animals, more common in less developed, typically small farms around 2 acres
commercial agriculture
goal is to grow and raise enough food to sell for a profit, common in developed countries but has become more common in semi periphery countries, uses more advanced technology and equipment
intensive agricultural practices
farmers and ranchers focus on maximizing fields from smaller areas by using inputs like fertilizer and pesticides, machinery, and labor
extensive agricultural practices
farmers and ranchers use fewer amounts of inputs and machinery and less intensive labor, typically on larger areas of land
pastoral nomadism
substinence extensive agriculture that is practiced in arid and semi-arid climates, move their herds to different pastures within their territory to trade meat for crops, rely on animals for food, clothing, and shelter
shifting cultivation
a type of substinence extensive farming, where farmer grows one crop and moves it to a new field when the soil of the existing field loses fertility, land is usually owned
crop rotation
farmers grow multiple crops in a set number of fields, every year the farmer rotates the crops so that the same crop is not being grown in the same field in successive years, allows for replenishment of nutrients resulting in more productive fields
slash and burn agriculture
shifting cultivation in tropical areas, farmers clear the land by burning vegetation, enriches poor soil by adding nitrogen to it, once soil becomes infertile they will move and repeat this process, unsustainable as it wastes land
plantation
intensive commercial agricultural practice consisting of large commercial farm that specializes in one crop. found in hot, humid climates, with substantial rainfall, labor intensive and exploit low wage workers
mixed crop and livestock farming
intensive commercial integrated system that demonstrates interdependence between crops and animals, common in developed regions
grain farming
grown in dry regions where it is hard to grow other crops, used to feed livestock and people, the type that is grown depends on climate
spring wheat
planted early spring and grown in colder regions
winter wheat
planted in the fall and is grown in warmer regions
truck farming
intensive farming where products are driven from farms to local urban markets where the items are sold
market gardening
when fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban market and are sold to local suppliers, stores, restaurants, etc., has become popular because of “buy local” movements
dairy farming
used to be local, family owned farms that supplied products to a small geographical area, is now replaced by large corporate operations that resulted in fewer farms, but more production, are located in urban centers and transportation corridors in developed countries
milk shed
the geographic distance that milk is delivered
mediteranean agriculture
practiced in regions with hot, dry summers, mild winters, narrow valeted, and often some irrigation, herds have often practiced transhumance
transhumance
the seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in summer to lower elevation and valleys in winter
livestock ranching
extensive commercial practice of the grazing of animals confined to a specific area, typically found in areas that are to grow crops in large quantities
first/neolithic agricultural revolution
the change from primarily nomadic hunter-gatherer societies to settled subsistence-based agricultural communities, began in agricultural hearths
agricultural hearths
areas that are believed to develop independently of one another (carl sauer)
independent innovation
animals and plants that are domesticated in multiple regions with seemingly no interaction among people
permanent settlements, communities along water, freedom for hunting gathering, development of buildings and new jobs
the development of agriculture led to…(5)
clustured settlements
rural residents, groups of homes, has a strong sense of place and shares services and schools, villagers raise crops and animals in the fields around their settlements
dispersed settlements
common for North American farmers, lived in homes spread throughout the countryside, occur in areas that have rugged or challenging environments, encourage self-sufficiency
linear settlements
building and human activities are organized close to a body of water or along transportation route, are common before industrialization because of the need for fresh water to irrigate crops
British enclosure movement
when common land has been divided up into individually owned plots and enclosed, farmers began to experiment on these plots causing for increased productivity for profit, caused many farmers to go to factory jobs instead
metes and bounds systems
method of measuring and describing land, typically using geographic landmarks, often refers to a specific point, began in england
surveying
involves measuring and recording distance, elevation, and size of features on the earths surface
land survey system
created rectangular plots of consistent size
French long-lot system
farms use long, thin sections of land that were perpendicular to the river
fertile cresent
area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers running from the eastern Mediterranean sea to the Persian gulf in southwest asia
silk roads
linked together east asia, the Middle East and europe
the Colombian exchange
the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere after the europeans realization of the existence of the americas
second agricultural revolution
the significant changes in agriculture in the 18th century. The technological advances from the Industrial Revolution led to this
mechanization improvements, change in practices, transportation improvements , changes in property ownership
characterization of the second agricultural revolution (4)
steel plow
reduced human labor, increased ability to break through the ground, led to increase in the size of farms
mechanized seed drilling
reduced human labor, planted and covered each seed quickly, led to increase in agricultural yield
mccormick reaper
reduced human labor, increased speed at which crops could be harvested, meant less waste of crops
grain elevator
used to store grain, increase food supply, protected harvested food from animals and weather
barbed wire
provided inexpensive fencing to keep livestock in grazing area, demarcated property
few but larger farms led to an in increase in food production led to increase in food supply led to better diets because of access to a variety of foods led to increased life expectancies led to increased population
describe what industrialization and the 2nd agricultural revolution led to overall (6)
green revolution struggles in africa
did not have transportation, diversity of soils made it costly to develop fertilizers, crops specific to this area were not always included in research
the cost to spend, cost of land and labor
two economic considerations that influence farmers decisions
bid-rent theory
The cost of land is higher closer to urban markets, those who purchase land near urban areas will need to do intensive farming for profit
paddy rice farming, truck farming, factory farming, aquaculture
intensive farming practices (4)
paddy rice farming
Uses terraced field, because using machines in these areas is challenging this is labor intensive, common in south asia, southeast asia, and east asia
Population growth and increasing demand for food
what contribute to pressure for farmers to use land more intensively?
double cropping or triple
Planting and harvesting a crop two times per year on the same piece of land, this practice is encouraged
multi or intercropping
Farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously in the same field, causes increase diversity in crop rotations, allowing to sell more crops, reducing costs, and building and maintaining soil
monoculture
Only one crop is grown, or one type of animal is raised, per season on a piece of land
monocropping
The practice of only growing one type of crop or raising one type of animal year after year, farmers maximize efficiency by purchasing irrigation systems, fertilizers, and pesticides
lower costs of production, higher yields, more profits
positives of monocropping (3)
soil depletion, increased reliance on pesticides and fertilizers, increased economic risk since they are only relying on one crop
negative impacts of monocropping (3)
feedlot
Confined space in which cattle (or hogs) are fed and have limited movement, with the goal of fattening up the animal quickly in preparation for slaughter while maximizing the use of space, intensive practice
norman bulag
a geneticist and pathologist who helped farmers become self-sufficient and stop hunger after creating dwarf wheat in Mexico and using it to help India, Pakistan, and Mexico to become exporters
dwarf wheat
was shorter stain of wheat that was resistant to disease, could grow in any climate, and could produce more than previous grain stalks
green revolution
development of grains like wheat and rice through seed hybridization transfer of mechanical technology to developing countries, development of GMO’s
seed hybridization
the process of breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics to produce a single seed with both characteristics, focused on grains
gmos
developed to increase yields, resistant to diseases, and to withstand the chemicals used to kill weeds
higher yields of food, less starvation, lower food prices
positive impacts of green revolution (3)
environmental damage, marginalization of women, unequal access to technology
negative impacts of green revolution (3)
location theory
a theory that addresses why people can chose certain locations for various types of economic activities
von thunen model
economic model that shows patterns for the types of products that farmers would produce at different locations relative to the market where they sold their goods
farming is for a profit, only one Market and transportation within a region, isotropic plain, farmers pay for transportation, beyond farmland is wilderness
von thunen beliefs (6)
isotropic plain
an area that is flat and features with little to no variation in soil fertility or climate
salinization
high salt content
soil salinization
high salt content in oil, resulting from water that is used for plants, often caused by improper use of irrigation, results in lower crop yields or unusable soils
desertification
the process of fertile land becoming infertile, can be caused by agricultural practice which alter vegetation and areas
terrace farming
farmers build a series of steps into the side of a hill to create more space for fields one of the earliest forms of landscape alteration by humans for agriculture, increases arable land, less soil erosion, natural collection of water
irrigation
the process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops rather than relying on rainfall, increases goof production can turn land into usable land
destructs ecosystems, displacement of people
what are the concerns of dams (2)
aquifers
underground supply f fresh water that can be accessed using a well and then piped out into field, the supply of water is often limited
center-pivot irrigation
watering equipment rotates around a pivot and delivers water or fertilizer or pesticides into the field creating large circular patterns into the field often used in ;are scale commercial farming
wetlands
low lying areas that contain a significant amount of water at or near the surface, often converted for other agricultural use
government rules, protected areas, educating farmers, switching to environmentally friendy
efforts to stop negative effects of agricultural practices (4)
fewer crops available for humans, require lots of fresh water, cause lots of waste
high demand for meat results in (3)
gross domestic product
the dollar value of all final goods and services produced within a country’s borders within a specific period of time
agribusinesses
farms run as businesses, often results from consolidation of family farms
transnational corporations
commercial, highly mechanized, large agribusinesses, often use chemicals and biotechnology for raising crops and animals
vertical integration
the practice if businesses that produce a particular product owning the other businesses that are involved in the various steps of producing that good
wholesaler
company that acts as a middleman between a producer or manufacturer of a good and re company that ultimately sells the good
economies of scale
the reduction of the cost to produce each unit of a goof through greater efficiency as a business
commodity chain
process used by corporations to gather resources, transform the into goods and the transport them to consumers
aquaculture
practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of marine food, referred to as blue revolution, fastest form of food production in the world
food insecurity
when a household lacks access to adequate food because of limited money or other resources
food desert
a neighborhood where residents have little to no access to healthy and affordable food, often ethic minorities or disabled and elderly
food distribution system
a network of trade and transportation systems that get food from farmers to consumers
tariff
tax on imports from another country
quota
a limitation on the quantity of a particular product that can be imported from another country
value-added crops
foods for which consumers are willing to pay more because of special qualities or because they are not as common
value-added farming
occurs when farmers process their crops into high-value products
local-food movement
consumers seeking out and purchasing locally-produced food, cuts fossil fuels for transportation
urban farming
the production of farm goods within an urban area with the goal of providing localy grown food